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US Government POS 2041 Bass Fall 2019

Examination Three Review T/TH - November 21st POS 2041 Exam 3 Review

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Chapter 8: Political Participation and Voting (refer to previous lectures) ➢ Political Participation ■ Traditional Political Participation: Activities designed to influence government, including voting, campaign contributions and face-to-face activities such as volunteering for a campaign or working on behalf of a candidate or political organization ● Protesting is a natural or spontaneous form of popular political participation ■ Digital Political Participation: activities designed to influence politics using the internet, including visiting a candidate’s website, organizing events online, and signing an online petition ● Clicktivism: forms of participation that involve little effort and may or may not convert to offline acts of participation in politics ● Positives: online political mobilization and activation ● Negatives: ◆ People tend to surround themselves with news from likeminded sources ◆ Social media algorithms create echo chambers that lead to extreme or biased views that get worse over time… creating a world of “alternative facts” where individuals cannot agree on basic principles ➢ The Right to Protest and the Bill of Rights ■ Protest: participation that involves assembling crowds to confront a government or other official organizations ● Protected by the First Amendment and is generally recognized as a legitimate and important form of political activity ➢ Poll Tax, Literacy Tests, Grandfather Clauses ■ Impositions in the Southern states to prevent African Americans voting during the Jim Crow era ■ Poll Taxes: fees to vote ● One of the ways Southern states prevented black people from voti ■ Literacy Test: reading tests required to vote ● Black men did not have the education to know how to read, this way it would limit their participation ■ Grandfather Clause: which allowed a man to vote only if his grandfather had cast ballots in elections before Reconstruction

● Acted so that most Black men could not vote under this ➢ The Voting Rights Act of 1965 ■ Achieved the goal of African American voting rights ■ Authorized the federal government to register voters in states that discriminated against minority citizens and allowed the government to challenge voting rules and practices that systematically disenfranchise minority voters ➢ Suffragettes ■ Suffrage: the right to vote ● AKA Franchise ● Is a legal right ■ During early periods of US history, suffrage was restricted to white males over the age of 21 ■ African American men were established this right by the 15th Amendment in 1870 which prohibited denying the right to vote on the basis of race. (poll taxes and literacy tests limited this participation) ■ Women won the right to vote in 1920 through the adoption of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution ● Women’s Suffrage Movement was led by Elizabeth Cady Santon, Susan B. Anthony, and Carrie Chapman Cat ● 26th Amendment: lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 during the Vietnam War (1871) ➢ The Impact of Education and Income ■ Voter participation in elections are relatively low for those who do not have a college education or have lower incomes. ■ Government policies typically favor the wealthy class and not middle or lower ■ Middle and lower class have lost trust in the government and its legitimacy ➢ Socio-Economic Status ■ Socio-Economic Status: status in society based on level of education, income, and occupational prestige ■ Education is the single most important factor in predicting participation ■ People who have money, time, and capacity to participate effectively in the political system ■ 83% of individuals earning over $150,000 voted compared to 43% of those who earn less $20,000 ● People with more money vote more often ■ 52% of high school graduates voted and 74% of college graduates voted ● More educated people vote ➢ The Impact of Registration and Voter Turnout ■ Voter Turnout: the percentage of eligible individuals who actually vote

● Turnout in state and local elections are typically much lower than national elections ■ Overall voter participation has declined over the past 4 decades (64% in 1960 to 59% in 2016) ■ 2018 Midterm Elections had a record high voter turnout at 49% ■ Boomers have higher turnout rates than us ● 65 years and older report the highest turnout (71%), then 45-66 (67%), 30-55 (58%), 18-29 (46%) ■ Citizens must register to vote and in SOME states this needs to happen 30 days before an election. You can register to vote at 18 and pre-register at 16 ● Younger people cite not being registered to vote as a reason for not voting ■ Mobililization: the process by which large numbers of people are organized for a political activity ■ People are more likely to turn out to vote if someone asks them face to face ● Direct mail and impersonal phone calls are less likely to have an effect on turnout ■ Same-Day Registration: the option in some states to register on the day of the election, at the polling place, rather than in advance of the election ■ Permanent Absentee Ballots: the option in some states to have a ballot sent automatically to your home for each election, rather than having to request an absentee ballot each time ■ Early Voting: the option in some states to cast a vote at a polling place or by mail before the election ➢ The National (Motor) Voter Registration Act of 1993 ■ A law that allows citizens to register to vote at motor vehicle and social services offices ■ Also known as the "Motor Voter" Law. ➢ Voting Comparisons to Other Countries ■ The U.S. ranked 32nd in terms of voter turnout compared to other developed countries in 2016 ■ Just over 58% voted in the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections ■ 87 % in Belgium, 86% in Sweden, 71% in France, and 61% in the UK ■ Some countries like Australia and Brazil have compulsory voting and automatic or compulsory voter registration. These two countries also have the highest voter turnout in national elections globally ➢ Things From The Lectures ■ Literal Interpretation (Strict Construction) of the Constitution vs. Loose Construction ● Rep. prefer Strict; Dem. prefer Loose

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Federal Government Power vs. State Power (rights) ● Dem. for Fed.; Rep. for State Federal $pending ● Rep. do not want to overspend, except in the case of the military

Chapter 9: Political Parties ➢ Political Parties in Europe Compared to the U.S ■ Political Parties: organized groups that attempt to influence the government by electing their members to important government offices ● NOT mentioned in the Constitution ■ Partisanship: identification with or support of a particular party or cause ■ Many European countries have developed multiparty systems, while the U.S. has a 2-party system ● Two-Party System: a political system in which only two parties have a realistic opportunity to compete effectively for control ◆ Even though more parties exist in the US other than Republicans and Democrats, like Green and Libertarian, their chances of winning a major election are very slim ■ Europeans are more loyal to political parties ■ Most European nations employ proportional representation, while the U.S. uses plurality system in general elections ➢ Lectures on the History of Selected Presidential Elections in the U.S. (17892016) ■ 1789 Election ● George Washington - 1st President and only Neutralist ● Jeffersonian Republicans (Anti-Federalists or DemocraticRepublicans) vs. Federalists ■ 1796 Election ● John Adams (F) ■ 1800-1824 Elections (All Anti-Federalists) ● Thomas Jefferson - 2 terms ● James Madison - 2 terms ● James Monroe - 2 terms ■ 1824 Election ● National Republicans Party or Coalition Party emerges ● John Quincy Adams (NR) ■ 1828 - 1832 Elections ● Andrew Jackson (D) - 2 terms ■ 1830s - 1840s Elections ● Whig Party ● 1940: William Henry Harrison (W) ◆ Died after only a month in office ● VP John Tyler took over

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● The issue of National Representation vs Anti-federalists 1850s - 1860s Elections ● Anti-Slavery Whigs became Republicans ● Abraham Lincoln is 1st Republican president ● Abraham Lincoln assassinated April 15, 1865 ● Andrew Johnson became President 1860-1912 Elections ● All Republican presidents except Grover Cleveland (D) The 1880’s Elections ● Grover Cleveland Won the presidency without winning the popular vote ◆ Democrats: Rum Romanism and Rebellion ➢ Insult used by Republican to insult Democrats, which ended up costing the Republicans New York in the elections since it demoralized the Irish Americans who were populous voters Assassination of 1901 ● McKinley (1896-1900-1901) ◆ First elected in 1896 ◆ Reelected 1900 ◆ Assassinated 1901 ◆ VP Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt becomes the 26th president The Election of 1912 ● Woodrow Wilson ◆ Democrat ◆ WW1 (Known as The Great War at the time) ◆ The beginning of the perception that Democrats start wars ◆ Southern Democrats are now today’s Republicans The 1920’s ● WW1 ● 2 term presidents ● The 3 presidents leading up to 1932, to the Great Depression were Republicans ● This is where the perception comes from that Republicans cause depressions 1932-1952 ● Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) (Very Dem) ◆ President for 4 terms ◆ Dies 1945 ◆ VP Harry Truman takes over, then wins election of 1948 Election of 1960

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● 👑JFK vs. Nixon ◆ First televised debate ◆ JFK won by a small majority ◆ Nixon’s Checkers Speech: “I’m No Crook” BS Assassination of 1963 ● JFK assassinated ◆ VP Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president Election of 1964 ● Lyndon B. Johnson wins presidency ◆ Democratic Convention in 1968 ◆ Vietnam War 1968 - 1972 (1974) ● Richard Millhouse Nixon ◆ Reelected in 1972 ◆ Continually lies over the radio and TV ◆ Watergate Scandal comes to light in 1973 ➢ Creates huge drop in Americans’ trust of government ◆ Becomes the only president to resign in 1974 ◆ Gerald Ford VP takes over 1974 Federal Election and Campaign Act (1974) ● Federal funding of presidential elections from here on Election of 1976 ● 👑Jimmy Carter (D) vs. Gerald Ford (R) ◆ Carter wins Election 1980 ● 👑Ronald Reagan (R) vs. Jimmy Carter (D) ◆ Reagan reelected in 1984 against George H.W. Bush Election of 1988 ● 👑George H.W. Bush (Daddy Bush) (R) vs. Michael Dukakis ◆ 1 Term ◆ Bush won Election of 1992 ● Bill Clinton (D) ◆ VP Al Gore ◆ Reelected in 1996 ◆ Negative Things Against Clinton: ➢ Draft Dodging (avoided drafting in military) ➢ Womanizing ➢ Pot Smoker Election of 2000 ● 👑George W. Bush (R) vs. Al Gore

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Election of 2016 ● 👑Trump vs. Clinton ◆ VP Pence Roosevelt’s New Deal Coalition ■ Franklin D. Roosevelt ■ Federal gov. took responsibility for economic management & social welfare ■ Expanded the political base of the Dem. party ■ Rebuilt the party around unionized workers, upper-middle class professionals, southern farmers, Jews, Catholics, and blacks Creation of the Republican Party ■ Anti-Slavery Whigs -> Republicans ■ Lincoln 1st Republican president ■ Internal vs External Mobilization: ● Internal Mobilization: political conflicts prompt individuals and competing factions within government to mobilize popular support ◆ Early years of the American Republic ● External Mobilization: when a group of politicians outside the government organizes popular support to win governmental power ◆ AKA REPUBLICANS Electoral Realignment al ■ Electoral Realignment: when a “new” party takes over from the “dominant” party in power (Bass’s Definition) ■ The change in voting patterns that occurs after a critical election ■ Voters permanently shift support from one party to the other ■ Occurs roughly every 30 years Single Member Districts vs. Proportional Representation ■

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42% Al Gore 38% Bush George W. Bush won through the electoral college, not the popular vote (ex: Cleveland, Hayes, Trump) Election of 2008 ● 👑Barack Obama vs. John McCain ◆ Obama becomes first African American president ◆ VP Joe Biden becomes first Roman Catholic VP Election of 2012 ● 👑Obama vs. Romney ◆ Obama wins 51% of the popular vote, 332 in the electoral college, 26 states ◆ Romney wins 49% of the popular vote, 206 in the electoral college, 24 states

Single Member Districts: an electoral district in which voters choose one representative or official; winner takes all ■ Proportional Representation: a multiple-member district system that allows each political party representation in proportion to its % of the total vote Majority, Super Majority, and Plurality ■ Majority: more than half of the votes (50%+1) ■ Super Majority: 2/3 majority of votes ■ Plurality: number of votes cast for a candidate that is greater than the number of votes for any other candidate but not necessarily a majority Caucus ■ A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform ■ A normally closed political party business meeting of citizens or lawmakers to select candidates, elect officers, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters Some Definitions From the Textbook ■ Micro-targeting: when political campaigns tailor messages to individuals in small homogenous groups based on their group interests to support a candidate or policy issue ■ Party Organization: the formal structure of a political party, including its leadership, election committees, active members, and paid staff ■ Party Machines: strong party organizations in the late 19th and early 20th century American cities; these machines were often led by corrupt “bosses” who controlled party nominations and patronage ■ Patronage: the resources available to higher officials, usually opportunities to make partisan appointments to offices and confer grants, licenses, or special favors to supporters ■ Policy Entrepreneur: an individual that identifies a problem as a political issue and brings a policy proposal into the political agenda ■ Dealignment: a movement away from the major political parties; a decline in partisan attachment Major Purposes of the National Party Conventions ■ National Convention: convened by the Republican National Committee or the Democratic National Committee to nominate official candidates for president and vice president in the upcoming election, establish party rules, and adopt the party’s platform ■ National meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every four years to nominate a candidate for president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect officers, and adopt rules ■ Conventions are for unifying the party, raising money, and deciding on platforms ■

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➢ National Party Platforms ■ Platform: a party document, written at a national convention, that contains party philosophy, principles, and positions on issues ➢ National Committee Major Activities ■ A standing committee of a national political party established to direct and coordinate party activities between national party conventions ■ Raise campaign $$$ ■ Enhance media ➢ Party Activists ■ Partisans who contribute time, energy, and effort to support their party and its candidates ➢ Gerrymandering ■ Drawing the boundaries of legislative districts in bizarre or unusual shapes to favor one party ➢ Democrats and Republicans (The Surveys) ■ Democrats = Cause War (WW1 and WW2 had Dem presidents) ■ Republicans = Cause Depressions ➢ Republicans and Democrats- Issues and Philosophies ■ Democrats ● Expand social welfare ● Military spending cuts ● Increased regulation of business ● Consumer & environmental programs ● Mostly support gay marriage & abortion; liberals ■ Republicans ● High military funding ● Cuts in social programs ● Tax relief for upper-income voters ● Tax incentives for businesses ● Mostly opposed to gay marriage; conservative ➢ The Surveys ■ Gender: ● Women are significantly more likely to identify with Democratic Party

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● Age: ● ● Race: ●

More men identify with Republicans Younger you are the more likely to identify with Democratic party Older you are the more likely to identify with Republcan party White: depends

● Black: Very Very Democratic ● Hispanic: Democratic ● Asian: Democratic leaning ■ Education: ● Postgraduate: Democratic ■ Income ● Higher income: Republican ● Lower income: Democratic ➢ Voter Perceptions and Political Parties ■ Democrats start war ■ Republicans create depressions

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Chapter 10: Campaigns and Elections ➢ Off Year/Midterm Elections ■ Congressional elections that don't coincide with a presidential election ■ State & local elections ➢ Popular Votes Lost — Electoral Votes Won ■ Need 270 electoral votes to become President ■ Popular vote doesn't matter ➢ Incumbents/Challengers ■ Incumbent: a candidate running for reelection to a position that he/she already holds ➢ Superdelegates ■ An unelected delegate who is free to support any candidate for the presidential nomination at the party's national convention. ■ A convention delegate position, in Democratic conventions, reserved for party officials ➢ Hard Money/ Soft Money ■ Hard Money: donations made to political candidates, party committees, or groups which, by law, are limited and must be declared ■ Soft Money: money contributed directly to political parties & other organizations for political activities that is unregulated by federal or state law ● Supposedly outlawed by the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) ➢ Buckley vs. Valeo ■ Supreme Court decision that enabled people running for office to spend as much $ as they want for their campaign, protected by 1st Amend./ free speech ➢ Types of Primaries (see B.A.C.E)

Closed Primary: primary election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates but only of the party in which they are enrolled for a period of time prior to primary day (predetermined party affiliation) (FL HAS THIS) ■ Open Primary: primary election in which the voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in to select candidates for the general election ■ Wide Open Primary (Blanket): voters receive a single ballot with all candidates of all parties ➢ PAC’S (see B.A.C.E.) ■ Private organizations established by corporations, labor unions, or interest groups to raise money for candidates and/or parties ■

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Chapter 11: Group and Interest (refer to previous lectures) ➢ Pluralism ■ Theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group ➢ Madison, the Federalist Papers and Factions ■ James Madison on interest groups (factions) and power = the key is pluralism ➢ Types of Interest Groups ■ Individuals who organize to influence the government's programs and policies; types include: ● business/agricultural groups ● labor groups ● professional associations ● public interest groups ● ideological groups ● public-sector group ➢ National League of Cities, AMA, Common Cause ■ National League of Cities = public sector ■ AMA (American Medical Association) = professional association ■ Common Cause = public interest ➢ Free Riders ■ People who benefit from the group but give little in return ➢ Income, Education and Interest Group Membership ■ Membership in interest groups are more likely from higher income, education, and status ➢ Lobbying ■ Strategy by which organized interests seek to influence the passage of legislation by exerting direct pressure on members of the legislature

➢ Iron Triangle ■ A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group ➢ Grass Roots Pressure ■ Form of lobbying campaign in which a ...