Powerpoint 2 Carbohydrates PDF

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Powerpoint 2: Carbohydrates: More Than Just Energy

Terms to know: Essential nutrient

An essential nutrient is a nutrient required for normal body functioning that can not be synthesized by the body. Categories of essential nutrients include vitamins, dietary minerals, essential fatty acids and essential amino acids

Carbohydrate

Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products

Isomer

Isomers are ions or molecules with identical formulas but distinct (different) structures

Glycosidic linkage

A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate

Monomer

A monomer is a molecule that can be reacted together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain

Polymer

A polymer is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits

Monosaccharide

also called simple sugar, are the simplest form of sugar and the most basic units of carbohydrates

Disaccharide

A disaccharide is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage (formed by two monosaccharides)

Oligosaccharide

An oligosaccharide is a saccharide polymer containing a small number of monosaccharides

Polysaccharide

Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages

Intermolecular force of attraction

Intermolecular forces (IMF) are the forces which mediate interaction between molecules, including forces of attraction or

repulsion which act between molecules and other types of neighboring particle

Hydrogen bond

A hydrogen bond is an attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds. One of the atoms is hydrogen, while the other may be any electronegative atom. Hydrogen bonds may form between atoms within a molecule or between two separate molecules

Macronutrient

A chemical element required in large amounts for plant growth and development

Table of questions: ???

● The most important nutrients for us are carbohydrates. They are found in almost every food we eat and without them we would quickly run out of energy. ○ Great fast source of energy ● How all biological molecules are used by cells and the body depends on the structure of those molecules. ● The functional groups that make up different biological molecules are related to the types of intermolecular forces of attraction that are made between those molecules. ● Shape and size of the molecule is important. ● 4 types of macronutrients that we need in large amounts ○ Carbohydrates ○ Proteins ○ Lipids ○ Nucleic acids ● Macromolecules are unique because they are smaller monomers that are put together to make polymers ● Polymers are like toy blocks that connect together because they’re made of repeating “monomer” blocks. ● All carbohydrates share a similar chemical composition: molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ● When we say something is hydrated we understand that it is full of water. That makes carbohydrates molecules with a simple formula of CH2O, or any other number of those three atoms in a similar ratio: 1 C : 2 H : 1 O ● Carbs have a monomer (building block) ○ Monosaccharides make up carbohydrates ● There are carbs on plant cell walls (cellulose) ● Carbs help make ATP

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Break down starch into glucose (we know that glucose is a sugar. This is where the “fast energy” in carbs comes from) ○ The glucose than makes ATP ○ ATP helps in cellular respiration Fructose and glucose give quick energy Cellulose makes up plant cell walls Molecules are fairly polar (why sugars dissolve in water) When complex chains are digested only monosaccharides remain Monosaccharides consist of a carbon chain of three or more carbon atoms containing a hydroxyl group attached to every carbon except one

● Sugars with the carbonyl group attached to a carbon at the end of the chain are aldoses (“aldehyde sugar”) such as glucose. When the carbonyl group is located anywhere other than the end of the carbon chain, the monosaccharide is a ketose (“ketone sugar”) such as fructose. A monosaccharide must have a carbonyl group. Cells build carbohydrate polymers by using energy to form glycosidic linkages, the bonds between monosaccharides Short chains called oligosaccharides are frequently attached to lipids and proteins Carbohydrate polymers are frequently composed of a single type of monosaccharide unit Glycosidic linkages involve covalent bonds from one carbon atom in each monosaccharide to a single oxygen atom between them

● In dehydration synthesis reactions, water is released when two molecules are joined. In this example, two glucose molecules join releasing water and producing maltose. When carbohydrate monomers are joined by dehydration synthesis reactions, the new covalent bond is a glycosidic linkage. ● Glucose + fructose = sucrose ● Polysaccharides are excellent energy storage molecules because they are easily built and broken down by enzymes ● Glycogen polymers are significantly branched, with several monomers in the primary chain containing a second glycosidic linkage to a different glucose ● For quick access to energy, glycogen is stored primarily in two locations in humans, the liver for easy delivery into the bloodstream and muscles for direct

use as needed. ● Strong and rigid fibers result as hydrogen bonds form between polar hydroxyl groups in the bundled polymers https://dlc.dcccd.edu/biology1-3/carbohydrates Glucose: C6H12O6

Fructose: C6H12O6

Has 5 atom-ring whereas others have 6

Galactose:C6H12O6...