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Laboratory Report

LABORATORY REPORT Activity: Name: Instructor: Date:

Effect of Dietary Fiber on Transit Time and Bile Ejedays Ortiz Jason Gillis 03.28.2021

Predictions 1. Dietary fiber will: increase transit time 2. Dietary fiber will have no affect on the amount of bile acid in solution

Materials and Methods Effect of Dietary Fiber on Transit Time 1. Dependent Variable number of radiopaque markers in GI tract

2. Independent Variable amount and type of fiber in meal

3. Controlled Variables calories in meal, nutrients in meal

Effect of Dietary Fiber on Bile Acid Adsorption 1. Dependent Variable amount of bile acids in solution

2. Independent Variable amount of fiber in meal

3. Controlled Variables moisture in meal, size of meal particles, calories and nutrients in meal

4. Name the type of method used to measure transit time. The method used is called Radiopaque.

5. Name the type of method used to measure the amount of bile acids in solution. The instrument used is a Spectophotometer.

Results Table 3. Effect of Fiber on Transit Time - Number of Markers in Stomach

Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Average Average percentage of the total markers

Standard diet Minutes after markers ingestion. Number of markers present. 60 min 180 min 240 min 19 8 0 18 6 1 19 8 2 19 7 1 79 29 4

Insoluble fiber-rich diet Minutes after markers ingestion. Number of markers present. 60 min 180 min 240 min 17 9 2 20 8 1 20 9 1 19 9 1 79 38 4

Soluble fiber-rich diet Minutes after markers ingestion. Number of markers present. 60 min 180 min 240 min 19 11 2 18 10 0 20 11 0 19 11 1 79 46 4

Laboratory Report/ Ejedays Ortiz/ Effect of Dietary Fiber on Transit Time and Bile/ Jason Gillis/ 03.28.2021/ Page [1] of [4]

Laboratory Report

Food Transition Through the Stomach % Standard diet

100 80

Insoluble fiber-rich diet

60 Soluble fiber-rich diet

40 20 0 60

180

240

min

1. For the standard meal, what is the average percentage of markers remaining in the stomach at 60 min, 180 min, and 240 min? the average percentage is 79, 29 and 4. 2. For the meal with insoluble fibers, what is the average percentage of markers remaining in the stomach at 60 min, 180 min, and 240 minutes? the average percentage is 79,38 and 4. 3. For the meal with soluble fibers, what is the average percentage of markers remaining in the stomach at 60 min, 180 min, and 240 min? The average percentage is 79,46 and 4.

4. Which meal had the greatest average percentage of markers in the stomach at 180 minutes? the soluble rich dieat with a 46%

Table 4. Effect of Fiber on Transit Time - Number of Markers in Large Bowel RC LC SC Total (RC+LC+SC) Hours after markers ingestion. Hours after markers ingestion. Hours after markers ingestion. Hours after markers ingestion. Number of markers present. Number of markers present. Number of markers present. Number of markers present. 24 hours 48 hours 96 hours 24 hours 48 hours 96 hours 24 hours 48 hours 96 hours 24 hours 48 hours 96 hours Standard 1 10 5 0 8 4 1 4 5 2 22 14 3 diet 2 10 4 0 8 4 0 2 4 2 20 12 2 3 11 4 0 8 5 0 3 5 3 22 14 3 Average 10 4 0 8 4 0 3 5 2 21 13 3 42 17 0 33 17 0 13 21 8 88 54 13 Average percentage of the total markers Insoluble 1 4 1 0 8 3 0 4 4 0 16 8 0 fiber2 4 2 0 9 2 1 5 5 1 18 9 2 rich diet 3 5 1 0 9 3 1 4 3 0 18 7 1 Average 4 1 0 9 3 1 4 4 0 17 8 1 Average 17 4 0 38 13 4 17 17 0 71 33 4 percentage of the total markers Soluble 1 10 5 0 7 4 1 3 4 3 20 13 4 fiber2 9 5 0 8 5 0 2 4 3 19 14 3 rich diet 3 10 5 0 8 5 0 3 3 2 21 13 2 Average 10 5 0 8 5 0 3 4 3 20 13 3 Average 42 21 0 33 21 0 13 17 13 83 54 13 percentage of the total markers Food

Subject

Laboratory Report/ Ejedays Ortiz/ Effect of Dietary Fiber on Transit Time and Bile/ Jason Gillis/ 03.28.2021/ Page [2] of [4]

Laboratory Report

Food Transition Through the Large Bowel % Standard diet

100 80

Insoluble fiber-rich diet

60 Soluble fiber-rich diet

40 20 0 24

48

96

hour

5. For the standard meal, what is the average percentage of markers in the right colon (RC), left colon (LC), sigmoid colon (SC) and total colon at 24, 48, and 96 hours? RC- 42,17 and 0 LC- 33,17 and 0 SC- 13,21 and 8 total- 88,54 and 13. 6. For the meal with insoluble fibers, what is the average percentage of markers in the right colon (RC), left colon (LC), sigmoid colon (SC) and total colon at 24, 48, and 96 hours? RC- 17,4 and 0. LC- 38,13 and 4. SC-17, 17 and 0. total - 71, 33 and 4 7. For the meal with soluble fibers, what is the average percentage of markers in right colon (RC), left colon (LC), sigmoid colon (SC) and total colon at 24, 48, and 96 hours? RC- 10,5 and 0 LC- 8,5 and 0 SC- 3,4 and 3 Total- 83,54 and 13.

8. Which meal had the least percentage of markers in the total colon at 24 hours? Insoluble fiber rich diet

Table 5. Effect of Dietary Fiber on Bile Acid Adsorption Experimental Trials

1 2 3 Average

Optical density (OD) of colored filtrate (reflects amount of bile acid in filtrate) Fiber-rich FiberStandard Bile Acid Standard meal with Rich Meal meal with With Buffer meal Solution without bile bile acid Without Bile bile acid (No Fibers) 1 0 0.55 0 0.35 1 0 0.51 0 0.36 1 0 0.48 0 0.38 1 0 0.51 0 0.36

1 - OD (reflects amount of bile acid adsorbed by food particles) Bile Acid Standard With Buffer meal Solution without bile (No Fibers) 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

FiberStandard meal with Rich Meal bile acid Without Bile 0.45 0.49 0.52 0.49

1 1 1 1

Fiber-rich meal with bile acid 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.64

Effect of Dietary Fibers on Bile Acid Adsorption hour Averaged - OD

1 0.8

Averaged - (1-OD)

1. Standard Meal 2. Fiber-Rich Meal

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1

2

9. Which had the greatest average OD (amount of bile acid in filtrate), the standard meal with bile acid or the fiber-rich meal with bile acid? The standard meal had the greatest average.

10. Which had the greatest average 1- OD (amount of bile acid adsorbed to meal particles), the standard meal with bile acid or the fiber-rich meal with bile acid? The Fiber Rich Meal Laboratory Report/ Ejedays Ortiz/ Effect of Dietary Fiber on Transit Time and Bile/ Jason Gillis/ 03.28.2021/ Page [3] of [4]

Laboratory Report

Discussion 1. Approximately how long did it take for a meal to move through the stomach, less than 60 minutes, between 60 and 180 minutes, or between 180 and 240 minutes? It takes about 60 to 180 Minutes for the meal to move through the stomach. 2. Which meal spent the most time in the stomach? Explain your choice based on your results. as seen below on chart the soluble rich diet has higher numbers, which means that it spends more time being digested than the other 2 choices so it remains more time in the different areas of the colon. 3. Approximately how long did it take for a meal to move through the colon for the standard diet, the soluble fiber-rich diet, and insoluble fiber-rich diet? it took about 240 minutes so that almost no markers where appreciated in the tests. 4. Which meal spent the least time in the colon? Explain your choice based on your results. The Standard diet had the lowest percentages and it spent less time in the colon.

5. Based on the average number of markers in the right colon and the average total number of markers in the colon at 24 hours, which meal do you think spent the least amount time in the small intestine? Explain your choice based on your results The insoluble rich fiber spent less time in the small intestine based on the numbers appreciated on the previous tables. 6. Does fiber increase or decrease the amount of bile lost in feces? Explain your choice based on your results. Yes, it increases the amount of bile in feces, since there was an increase on percentage appreciated on the experiment.

Application 1. Explain why eating a high fiber diet may reduce your serum cholesterol level. A high fiber diet reduces cholesterol due to the fact that fiber reduces the amount of bile reabsorbed in the intestine, when the bile interrupts this process it is excreted through feces, in order to make up for the lost bile the liver makes more bile salt, the body uses cholesterol to make bile salts, so that means that in order to obtainmore bile salts the liver increases its production of LDL Receptors.

2. Based on your results, speculate why eating a high fiber diet may prevent large changes in blood glucose levels. It doesnt affect blood sugar since its not digested, so increasing a daily fiber intake is beneficial for a balance in blood sugar, some examples can be a slice of bread, an apple or oatmeal.

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