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Laboratory Report

LABORATORY REPORT Activity: Name: Instructor: Date:

Influence of Fluid Intake on Urine Formation GROUP 5 McKeever 04.27.2021

Predictions 1. Urine output will be highest during normal hydration 2. Urine osmolarity will be highest during water loading

3. Plasma osmolarity increases with dehydration

Materials and Methods 1. Dependent Variable urine and plasma values

2. Independent Variable fluid intake

3. Controlled Variables room temperature, age, gender, and weight

4. Subjects were asked to refrain from alcohol and caffeine for a day before the start of the experiment. Explain why this is important. It is important to refrain from alcohol and caffeine because both may act as a diuretic and also affect blood tests.

5. What technique was used to measure urine and plasma osmolarity? Plasma and urine osmolarity is measured with an osmometer. An osmometer uses freezing point depression to measure osmolarity

Results Table 3. Urine Production Rate Normal 30 min (mL) 45.6 38.1 38.9

Subj. 1 Subj. 2 Subj. 3 Average

L/day 2.2 1.8 1.9 2.2

Dehydrated 30 min (mL) L/day 16.1 0.8 13.5 0.6 13.3 0.6 0.7

Water loaded 30 min (mL) L/day 142.7 6.8 135 6.5 149 7.2 6.8

Graph 1. Average Daily Urine Production Under Different Hydration States L/day 10 8

1. Normal 2. Dehydrated 3. Water Loaded

6 4 2 0 1

2

3

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Laboratory Report

1. Does dehydration increase, decrease, or not change average urine production rate (L/day). Dehydration decreases the average urine production rate L/day.

2. Does water loading increase, decrease, or not affect average urine production rate (L/day). Water loading increases the average urine production rate L/day.

Table 4. Osmolarity (mosm/L) Normal 575.3 580.7 602.5 586.2

Subj. 1 Subj. 2 Subj. 3 Average

Urine Dehydrated 1248.2 1240.8 1186.3 1225.1

Water Loaded 166.2 159.8 235.9 187.3

Plasma Dehydrated 300.4 309.7 294.4 301.5

Normal 295.8 303.9 290.7 296.8

Water Loaded 274 274.3 274.3 274.2

Graph 2. Blood Plasma and Urine Osmolarity Under Different Hydration States L/day Urine

1500 1200

Plasma

1. Normal 2. Dehydrated 3. Water Loaded

900 600 300 0 1

2

3

3. Does dehydration increase, decrease, or not change average urine osmolarity (mosm/L)? Dehydration increases the average urine osmolarity. 4. Does water loading increase, decrease, or not change average urine osmolarity (mosm/L)? Water loading decreased the averave urine osmolarity. 5. Does dehydration increase, decrease, or not change average plasma osmolarity (mosm/L)? Dehydration does not change the average plasma osmolarity.

6. Does water loading increase, decrease, or not change average plasma osmolarity (mosm/L)? There were no significant changes in the average plasma osmolarity during water loading.

Discussion 1. State whether dehydration results in production of a concentrated or dilute urine. Dehydration results in the production of concentrated urine. When osmolality increases, it triggers your body to make antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This keeps more water inside your blood vessels and your urine becomes more concentrated. 2. State whether water loading results in production of concentrated or dilute urine. Water loading results in the production of diluted urine. When osmolality decreases, your body doesn't make as much ADH. The urine becomes more diluted.

3. Describe how ADH secretion during dehydration changes urine production and osmolarity. ADH secretion changes urine production by aiding in the change of reabsorption. With dehydration, more ADH is released, which causes the reabsorption of water. This produces lower osmolarity and more blood volume. 4. Describe how ADH secretion during water loading changes urine production and osmolarity. During water loading, ADH secretion allows more water to be secreted and less being absorbed which makes osmolarity become less concentrated.

Laboratory Report/ GROUP 5/ Influence of Fluid Intake on Urine Formation/ McKeever/ 04.27.2021/ Page [2] of [3]

Laboratory Report

5. Describe how ADH secretion maintains plasma osmolarity levels during dehydration and water loading. ADH secretion maintains plasma osmolality with a balance in reabsorption and ADH is released when there is low plasma volume or when dehydration occurs. ADH is inhibited when there is high plasma volume water loading. 6. Explain why in this experiment you did not see significant changes in plasma osmolarity during dehydration or water loading. There were no significant changes in plasma osmolarity because the concentration and dilution were only affected by water and no other solid substances or liquids. With dehydration, more ADH is released, which causes the reabsorption of water. This produces lower plasma osmolarity. 7. Discuss why maintaining plasma osmolarity within normal limits is important. Maintaining plasma osmolality within normal limits is important for cell excitability and maintaining volume. This also assists with blood pressure.ADH increases the permeability of the distal nephron to water and urea. This leads to the excretion of a small amount of condensed urine, thus decreasing any blood volume loss and reducing plasma osmolarity back to normal 8. Restate your predictions that were correct and give the data from your experiment that supports them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them, giving the data from your experiment that supports the correction. Urine output will be highest during water loading, prediction correct as indicated in table 3. Urine osmolarity will be highest during dehydration, prediction correct as indicated in table 4. Plasma osmolarity increases with dehydration, prediction incorrect. Plasma osmolarity remained the same on average as indicated in table 4.

Application 1. Drinking alcoholic or caffeinated beverages increases urine output more than drinking an equivalent amount of water. a. How do you think these beverages affect ADH secretion? Alcohol works to reduce the secretion of antidiuretic hormone so it increases how much urine you produce. Caffeine also inhibits the secretion of

b. Would urine osmolarity be increased or decreased? Urine osmolarity would be decreased.

2. Explain why someone with diabetes insipidus must drink more water than normal. When glucose becomes hyper-concentrated in your bloodstream your kidney loses the ability to re-uptake (pull out) glucose from water. Under normal circumstances, almost all glucose is pulled out of urine and back into the body (as is most of the water, Since the body can no longer pull glucose out from the water in your kidneys, the osmotic pressure build-up. water can no longer be absorbed back into your bloodstream and is being absorbed OUT of your bloodstream. This causes increased thirst

3. Explain what happens to plasma osmolarity when you give a severely dehydrated person large amounts of pure water. The plasma osmolality would decrease when you give a severely dehydrated person a large amount of water. The plasma will become diluted.

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