PPD 245 Midterm Study Guide PDF

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Midterm Study Guide 2018/2019 for Todd Gish...

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For the listed terms and topics, it will help to know a definition or explanation, any context (e.g. problem, solution, contrast, comparison, etc), and main attributes or examples. Terms with a parenthetical reference (Author name) come from reading and lecture. Terms without a parenthetical reference come from lecture. o Bracketed figure [x] indicates number of items in a set of attributes or features. o This study list includes most of the topics covered on the exam. But it is not exhaustive; there may appear items not on this list. If so, they will be have been featured in the reading and/or in lecture. Cities / the Urban / Basics ● Urban characteristics of a city [3] (Wirth) D  one ● Criteria distinguishing the earliest cities [10] (Childe) D  one ● Policy Instruments/ tools [4] (Roseland) Done ● Public policy definition Done ● ‘Who Plans America’; Outdated images (Peiser) D  one ● Theories, diagrams of city structure & growth [3] (Harris & Ullman) Done ● Urban semiotics (signs, symbols); reasons for significance [2] (Gottdiener) D  one ● ‘New reality’; ‘new media’ forms [several] (Stout) D  one ● ‘Large forces’ at work in cities [5] Done Space ● ‘Place and space’ (Chen, et al) Done ● Everyday public spaces & transformations (Crawford) D  one ● Spatial concepts [several] (e.g., distance, density, etc, etc.) (Gottdiener) D  one Concepts ● 'Growth machine' participants & goals [several] (Molotch) Done ● Outdoor activity types [3] (Gehl) Done ● Drive-in structures/architectural forms [several]; ‘drive-in society’/culture (K Jackson) Done ● Causes of sprawl [several] (Bruegmann) Done ● Qualities of safe streets/sidewalks [3]; sidewalk ‘ballet’ (J Jacobs) Done ● Government economy, goods & services [3] (Thompson) Done ● Dimensions/ arenas of social exclusion [3] (Madanipour) Done ● Creative Class values [3]; counting the Creative Class [4] (Florida) ● 'Decent' and 'Street' Families; ‘Code’ & switching (E Anderson) D  one ● Rent gradient Done ● Urban fiscal crisis, location, main causes [2] (Gottdiener) Done Cases ● Technoburb & Technocity (Fishman) D  one ● Town-Country Magnet/ Garden City (Howard) Done

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Contemporary City (Corbusier) Done Broadacre City (Wright) Done NYC urban spaces (Whyte) D  one Naglee Park, San Jose (A Jacobs) Done

● Wirth ○ Concluded that urban “way of life” resulted in an “urban type” of character and personality ○ Human personalities are transformed and the new urbanites respond to each other and to society as a whole in entirely different than rural folk ○ “Urbanism as a characteristic of life may be approached empirically from three interrelated perspectives: (1) as a physical structure comprising a population base, a technology, and an ecological order, (2) as a system of social organizations involving a characteristic social structure, a series of social institutions, and a typical pattern of social relationships, and (3) as a set of attitudes and ideas, and a constellation of personalities engaged in typical forms of collective behavior and subject to characteristic mechanisms of social control” ● Criteria distinguishing the earliest cities [10] (Childe) ○ 10 criteria of a city (according to Child): ■ Increased settlement size (Size / density) ■ Full time specialists ■ Concentration of wealth (Tax) ■ Large public buildings from concentrated social surplus ■ Writing and system of notation ■ A state organization based on residence rather than kinship (state government) ■ A variety and ranking of social positions / concentration of wealth ■ Regular foreign trade ■ Elaboration of exact and predictive sciences - arithmetic geometry, and astronomy ■ Conceptualized and sophisticated styles (example: representative art style) ○ He saw the underlying causes of the urban revolution as the cumulative growth of technology and the increasing availability of food surpluses as capital. ● Policy Instruments/ tools [4] (Roseland) ○ The policy process ■ Human, social, cultural, natural, physical, and economic capital ■ Policy strategies that help move all of these actors (public, private, non-profit, hybrid) towards more sustainable behavior can be classified

into three broad approaches: price-based, rights based, and market friction reduction. ● Price based approaches adjust the prices of goods and services to reflect environmental costs ● Right-based approaches assign rights and obligations to actors involved ● Market friction reduction approaches seek to improve efficiency of the market ■ Policy instrument types that local governments can use to set up conditions conductive to sustainable behavior: voluntary initiatives, financial incentives, expenditure and regulation ● In recent years, there has been increasing interest in use of specifically market-based approaches aka economic instruments but should not be viewed in isolation ○ Policy and market mechanisms ■ Market mechanisms a re interventions in the operation and functioning of the market that help to stimulate sustainable outcomes ■ Market mechanisms can: ● 1) reduce the economic costs of achieving particular targets (such as environmental protection) ● 2) create technological innovation because they stimulate economic incentives (e.g. tax reductions, tradable permits) ● 3) generate revenue because resources are used for related activities or government spending ● 4) increase client flexibility by selecting a convenient service and greater user choice (e.g. school vouchers) ● 5) increase transparency and accountability of information flows such as cost permits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions ■ Conventional market mechanisms assume a weak sustainability perspective because distribution, sale, and access to public goods are not directly addressed in pursuit of profit ■ Sustainable community development, on the other hand, assumes a strong sustainability perspective (implies maintaining and regenerating life-supporting services such as clean water, air, etc) ○ Policy instruments ■ Two target populations: ● General public ● Individual firms or industries

■ The use of instruments to influence the behavior of the public can be called demand management ■ Policy instruments framework from Jacobs: ● Voluntary initiatives (volunteers, technical assistance, etc.) ● Financial incentives (pricing, taxes, subsidies, grants etc.) ● Expenditure (monitoring, contracting, state enterprise, etc.) ● Regulation (laws and standards, licenses/permits, etc ■ Which level of government is most significant in Roseland’s discussion? ● Local ● What is public policy? ○ “A system of laws, regulatory measures, courses of action, and funding priorities concerning a given topic** instituted by a governmental entity” ■ **to solve a problem, or meet a goal ■ Healthcare, education, sustainability, crime, etc. ○ Policy instruments / tools available to local governments ■ Target populations or audiences? ■ General public, individuals ■ Businesses, firms, and industries ● Who plans American cities? (Peiser) ○ Planners ■ Outdated image (by Devr’s) ● Suspect ● Uninformed about finance and risk ● Unqualified ● Meddling ● Antagonistic ■ Realities ● Want good development ● Know the community ● Planners need developers to build! ○ Developers ■ Outdated image (By Planners) ● Suspect ● Greedy ● Powerful ● Insensitive ● Undeserving of wealth ■ Realities ● Take $$$ risk

● Need planners to navigate process ● Actually build ○ The public ■ Voters, citizens, neighbors, activists, property owners, interest groups, etc. ○ Slight more for developers because they are the ones that actually build ● Planners ○ Work to guard the public interest ■ Serving many stakeholders ■ Administering public policy ● Developers ○ Take risky business ventures ■ Choosing where or if to invest ■ Need help with approvals process ● Harris and Ullman “The Nature of cities” ○ Develop in definite patterns in response to economic and social needs ○ Cities are also paradoxes, their rapid growth and large size testify to their superiority as a technique for the exploration of the earth, yet their very success and consequent large size they often provide a poor local environment for man

○ Theories of city structure and growth pattern ■ 1) Concentric zones (Burgess) ■ 2) Sectors (Hoyt) ■ 3) Multiple Nuclei (Harris & Ullman)

■ Each attempted to understand how previous growth had occurred, to improve future planning ○ For Mumford, how should cities be planned for growth… why? ■ Gradual addition at the edge? NO! ■ Nodes or clusters of settlement? YES! ■ Important limits on population and social interaction has its limits, size of the school etc. ● Urban semiotics (signs, symbols); reasons for significance [2] (Gottdiener) ○ Symbol ■ Something that represents something else. Symbols often take the form of words, images, or gestures that are used to convey shared meanings ○ Sign ■ A physical notice or device meant to communicate or announce something. Signs sometimes include symbols ○ Media ■ A means of communication intended to reach a broad audience. Also a conveyer of symbols ○ Large part of shared culture, largely understood by the urban population ○ Examples of signs and symbols - formal ■ Important due to profitability  and direction (orientation) ■ Commercial signage ○ Place branding ○ Place identification ○ Way-finding ○ Informal signs and symbols ■ Examples: ● Marking territory, identity (tagging) ● Demonstrating values (american flag) ● Call for community (kids playing sign) ● Direct appeal for help (lost dog flyers) ○ Newly built housing use symbolic naming such as “Heather Acres” ○ The proliferation of signs makes the urbanized, multicentered region semiotic in both culture and character ● Stout -“Visions of a New Reality: The City and the Emergence of Modern Visual Culture” New communications media over time (Stout) ○ Drawing → printing → photography → motion picture → radio → television → internet ○ Each medium ■ Has been new at some point

■ Broadens the audience to include more and more people ○ Each can be used for different goals by different interest ■ Entertainment ■ Information, education ■ Social reform, change ■ Political power ■ Artistic expression ■ Financial gain ○ Media are symbol-delivery systems ■ Magazine illustrations ■ City sketches, industrial cities growing with immigrants ○ What does stout mean by the “new reality”? ■ Industrial revolution as it is playing out ■ Dramatic changes to city, disease, pollution, growing population, etc. ○ “Artistic expression rest upon and derive from a material base rooted in social and economic reality” ○ Illustrated journalism began in England as early as the 1820’s as a growing demand for information and entertainment was noticed ○ First images of cities were almost always long-range or bird’s eye view, but then “contrast pictures” (both such images) helped to compare the lives of the urban rich and poor ● Large forces at work in cities (5) ○ Large forces at Work ■ Economy ● Unemployment rate, employment rate, consumption rates of goods and services, government spending, public and private investment, currency value, taxes, wages ■ Society (demography) ● Income level, geographic locations of population, education level, race, age, gender, location within a city ■ Politics ● Political party/ideology, negotiation, policies, level of freedom ■ Culture ● Society is about different groups, while culture is what binds different groups together ● Religion, language, food, clothing, sports, art, music ■ Technology ● Social media, transportation, communication, health ■ These forces shape the urban context

● Is that different than the rural context? No ○ What are the differences between urban context and rural context? ■ Economically? ● Housing prices, value of currency, ■ Environmentally? ● Pollution, energy consumption, ■ Politically? ● Densely populated city with diverse population has possibly more difficult political climate ■ Socially? ● City is more people, densely settled, impersonal connections, family less important, more anninevity, utility of visual shorthand, crime, feeling less significant ● Space ○ Physical, geographical container ○ Medium of human activity ○ Has specific characteristics (physical and non physical) ■ scale ; location ; meaning ○ Creates relationships (between entities) ■ Division ; enclosure ; distance ; density ○ Space exists at different scales ■ Person → Household / Building → Neighborhood / District → Town / City → Region / State → Nation → Global ○ Does scale matter? How? ■ Policy making occurs at different levels, finer scale of intervention → jurisdiction ○ Space has 3 dimensions ■ Which floor is best in a multi story building? ● Top floor because of the view, noise cancellation, prestige, costs more ● Before elevators, second floor was most optimal (had the fewest stairs and highest ceilings) refer to the Parisian house ○ History matters -things change over time ■ Cultural values ● What’s important or not? ■ Popular tastes ● What’s good? What’s bad? ■ Technology common abilities ● What can be accomplished? (travel, communication building)

■ population , demographic ● Age, ethnicity ■ Political regimes ● Whos in power? Political regimes ■ Economic cycles ● Is it a good time? Bad time? ○ Space as a container - of people, places and things ■ And objects in it ■ Divided space ● What are the dividers? ○ Fence, sign, freeways (lanes, etc), zoning ○ Space enclosed ■ Gated communities ■ Smoking section, prison, etc. ○ Space and distance ■ Gyms, hospitals, family, freeways, etc. ○ Space and density (or concentration) ■ Could bring more bacteria, etc. ■ More crime ■ Healthy food options, could be health crisis ■ In city, lots more apartments and dense, leads to lack of light and violate safety hazards ● Place = specific space shaped by people ○ ...That shapes people’s lives (Chen) ○ What turns space into place? ■ Meaning ■ History ■ Attachments (not always positive) ○ Personal, or shared ○ Place is given meaning (ex: home) ○ Space → Place ○ “Place” can be any scale ○ Different meanings, implications, relationships, policies ■ Sometimes, meanings are borrowed from others ■ Urban life is more complex than rural life (Wirth) ■ Insufficient chance to know everyone and every place ○ People look for shortcuts for knowledge ■ Symbols and categories help ■ But often are incomplete, or incorrect

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■ Stereotypes usually result for people and groups ○ So, the urban context is spatial ■ Public policies and plans often impact people and communities by attempting to address issues in specific locations, using certain boundaries (jurisdiction) ■ This affects all kinds of places, and urban life in general “Cities as Places and Spaces” (Chen) ○ More than half of the world’s population now lives in cities ○ Among these needs we single out three for special attention: identity, community, and security Everyday space (Crawford) ○ Not just plazas and town squares ○ Ordinary spaces, too ■ Examples: garage sales, street vendors ○ Temporary transformation ■ Into place ○ Overlapping public / private boundaries ○ For social, economic, political purposes Growth Machine (Molotch) ○ Policy makers, developers, business leaders, planners, institutions, local media, land owners ○ Growth = primary driver of urban change ○ Political “machine” concept ■ Private interests organize, seek help from public policy-makers ○ “Growth machine” seeks ■ More population ■ More investment ■ More development ■ More jobs, employers, businesses ■ More tax revenue ● What does this sound like? ● → “Economic Development” Outdoor activities (Gehl) ○ Necessary activities ■ Mostly have to do with commutes ○ Optional activities ○ Social activities (resultant) ○ Privacy is important

■ One definition: “the state of freedom from being observed or disturbed by other people” ■ Basic human need ■ Different levels, scales, locations ○ Public life is important ■ Another basic human need - interaction ■ “Life between buildings” (Gehl) ■ The “ballet of the city sidewalk” (Jacobs) ■ Range of intensities, activities, scales ■ Planning and design can help… or hurt ○ Gehl finds in public space that the most attractive element for people is usually which? ■ Other people ○ Gehl’s main interest is improving which? ■ Social contact ● Drive-in culture (Jackson) ○ Highway system built to adjust to popularity of automobiles ○ Drive-in structures: Garages, motels, drive-in theatre, gas stations, fast food restaurants, mobile homes all become common to catch up with popular culture centered around automobiles ○ All of these functions were new architecture forms and changes in lifestyle ○ Culture: shared tastes, interests, etc. on different levels that binds people together ● The Causes of sprawl (Bruegmann) ○ What do we mean by that term? ■ Spreading out ■ Low density, single uses ■ Automobile dependent ■ Commercial strips ■ General cause debated ● Anti-urban attitudes ● Racism ● Capitalism, profits ● Government ● Technology ● Affluence and democratic institutions ○ Sprawl: the debate (Bruegmann) ■ Critiques ● Supply-side argument ○ Fed policy has given people few choices

● US anti-urban bias; “frontier” ethos ● Cities, urban life is best ● Racial motivation ○ “White flight” from urban minorities ● Caused by automobiles ● Caused by new freeways ● Caused by FHA policies ● Caused by greedy developers ○ Defenses (Bruegmann) ■ Demand-side argument ● This is what most people want(ed) ■ European cities sprawl, too (later) ■ Cities have sprawled for centuries ■ Cities with few minorities sprawl, too ● Minorities move out as soon as they can ■ Railroads brought (early) sprawl, too ■ City interests wanted freeways, too ■ Same FHA lending methods in cities ■ Developers profit in cities, too ○ Bruegmann offers two fundamental explanations: increasing affluence and political democratization ● Safe Sidewalks/Streets (J Jacobs) ○ What’s needed for safe sidewalks? (J Jacobs) ■ “Eyes on the street” ■ Continuous use ■ Demarcation of public and private space ○ Other benefits? ■ Liveliness, opportunity to be social, etc. ○ Public peace is not kept primarily by police - kept primary by a network of voluntary controls and standards among the people themselves ○ Cannot be solved by spreading people out ● Government economy, goods & services [3] (Thompson) ○ Public goods - no cost and for everybody (public city streets) ○ Merit goods - goods the government provides for free because there has been a collective decision that they are important (ex. Polio shots) designed to encourage certain behaviors ○ Redistributive payments - not governed by price to meet basic human needs (ex. Welfare to blind, elderly, etc.) ● Dimensions/ arenas of social exclusion [3] (Madanipour)

○ We can identify economic, political, and cultural arenas  as the three broad spheres of social life in which social inclusion and exclusion are manifested” ● Creative Class values [3]; counting the Creative Class [4] (Florida) ○ What about the “creative class”? (Florida) ● Where might this fit? ○ Upper middle, growing ○ Class stratification explanations ■ “Cultural” = intentionally maintained ● For a specific class or group ○ A “natural”, “unavoidable” outcome of relative strengths and weaknesses ○ Values passed on from generation to generation ○ Each class gets what it “deserves” or “earns” (aka Meritocracy) ■ “Structural” = externally imposed ● Outcome of social, economic and political processes ● Perpetuated by institutions, values and policies ● Conflicting policies are often the problem ○ In principle, the law guarantees equal opportunity ○ But some policies work against certain groups, or locations ○ Increasing creativity is changing in the US economy ■ The “creative class” is growing ( R. Florida) ● Creative class (artists, doctors, teachers, managers, etc.), service class, working class ● Class refers to both occupation and income-earning ○ According to Florida… ■ Creative class ● Economy ○ Higher incomes, generally ● Society ○ Higher education level ● Culture ○ Values ■ 1. Individuality ■ 2. Meritocracy ■ 3. Diversity and openness ○ Preferences ■ Urban lifestyle ○ 1. creative class

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