Practical 3 study guide PDF

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What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

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The neuron (supported by neuroglia)

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- Endoneurium

What are the neuroglia of the CNS? What surrounds the individual fascicles? Astrocytes – Regulation of what comes in Microglia – Destroy pathogens and debris - Perineurium Oligodendrocytes – Provides insulating myelin sheath around axon Ependymal – Produce CS fluid What surrounds the entire nerve? What are the neuroglia of the PNS? - Epineurium Schwann cells – Provide insulating myelin sheath around axon Satellite cells – Surrounds soma and regulates material exchange How many regions are in the brain?

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What encapsulates the individual myelinated axons?

- Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Pons, and

What are chemical messengers known as? Medulla Ob.

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Neurotransmitters

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What receives neurotransmitters on the post synaptic membrane?

What is the function of cerebrum?

Receptors

- Conscious thought and higher learning (occipital, parietal, frontal, and

temporal

lobe) What connects the two hemispheres together? - Corpus callosum (nerve fibers) provides communication between hemispheres

What is grey and white matter? White matter = myelinated neuronal processes – connects regions of the brain

Gray matter = neuron cell bodies (unmyelinated) 

What increases surface area?

Gyri (gyrus) = fold, Sulci (sulcus)= valley 

What are the different layers of the Meninges? - Pia mater (Deep), Arachnoid Mater (middle), Dura Mater (superficial) The Dura Mater includes the periosteal and meningeal

What is the second largest region of the brain?

Cerebellum – monitor body position and coordinate movement

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Contains the arbor vitae and the choroid plexus 

What is the function of the Diencephalon (Forebrain)

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Thalamus = Interpreting sensory information Hypothalamus = emotions, instincts, and link to endocrine system 

What is the brain stem composed of?

How many pairs of there of spinal nerves?

Mesencephalon (midbrain) = vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal/ alertness - 31 pairs of spinal nerves Pons = relay station What are dermatomes? Medulla oblongata = coordinate breathing and heart patterns, swallowing reflex 

What does the cephalic ventricles produce and circulate?

- A “zone” in the body that each spinal nerve serves.

They produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) 

Where is most of CSF produced? It is produced in the choroid plexus.

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What are the different ventricle types?

The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that innervates the shoulder, arm, and the hand

Lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, lateral apertures, and the central canal  What are the two functions of the cornea? Controls and focuses the entry of light into the eye, bends/refracts light

What muscle moves the eye inferior and laterally?

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What are the three different types of ossicles? The malleus, the incus, and the stapes

Vibrations transfer from the ossicles to what in the inner

ear? The superior oblique muscle 

What muscle moves the eye superior and lateral? The inferior oblique muscle

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What are the two cavities in the eye?

Transferred to the cochlea What detects sound in the cochlea? The Organ of Corti (converts stimuli to action potentials) What are the two structures that are responsible for maintaining balance and equilibrium?

Anterior (aqueous) and posterior (vitreous) cavities The vestibule (static equilibrium) and the semicircular canals 

What are the three tunic layers? The sclera, the choroid, and the retina (deep)

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Where is the blind spot (no cones or rods) located?

What are the two major parts of the tongue? The pharyngeal part and the oral part (corpus)

In the Optic disc 

What location contains a high density of photoreceptor cells? The fovea centralis

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What is the external ear composed of?

What are the five basic tastes? Sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami (deliciousness)

cartilage

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A comparatively simple automatic response to a stimulus

What are the two structures in the muscle spindle?

A reflex 

Intrafusal fibers inside the extrafusal fibers What are neural reflexes designed to do? spindle?

What are the two motor neurons in the muscle?

Maintain balance, protection, and carry out daily routines 

alpha-motor neurons innervate = intrafusal region Gamma-motor neurons innervate = extrafusal region

What are the steps of the reflex arc?

1. Receptor 2. Sensory relay 3. Integration 4. Motor Command relay 5. Effector 

Receptors are ______, they convert stimuli to A.P.’S transducers

What are the types of reflexes?

Monosynaptic, polysynaptic, somatic, autonomic, and acquired

Desensitization to constant stimuli is called adaptation

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What are the two classifications of sensory receptors?

Exteroceptors and Interoceptors (chemo, visceral stretch, and proprioceptors) There are general and special (vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell) 

The smaller and more dense the fields, the more sensitive receptor fields

What should I be able to locate on the receptor structure?

Free (naked) nerve endings – Least covering of nerve (very close to skin)

Merkel Cells – light touch (associated with free nerve endings) Meissner’s corpuscles – detect lighter touch (encapsulated) Pacinian corpuscles - Detects forceful pressure (deep) 

What is the function of the muscle spindle?

spindle is compressed = fewer impulses sent to alpha -motor neurons spindle is stretched = more impulses sent to alpha-motor neurons

To monitor muscle position and to ensure it is not overstretched

SKELETAL MUSCLES CONTRACTION = SPINDLE STRETCHING SKELETAL MUSCLES RELAX = SPINDLE COMPRESSION...