Psychology notes redux PDF

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Summary

Notes regarding emotional-related psychological concepts...

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Transience: Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time Memory fades quicker at first, then slowly over time Involves a switch from specific to more gradual memories Retroactive interference: Situations in which information learned NOW impairs memory for information acquired earlier Proactive interference: Situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later ABsent mindedness: Lapses in attention that result in memory failure Prospective memory: Remembering to do things in the future Blocking: Failure to remember something you need to get to and then suddenly remembering it later Memory misattribution: Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source Frontal Lobe is removed Source memory: Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired False recognition: Feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before Suggestibility: Tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal reflections. People can develop false memories in responses to suggestions. Bias: Distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings while recollecting previous experiences. Consistency Bias: Tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past. Change bias: Tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past. Egocentric bias: Tendency to exaggerate the recollection to make the focus on yourself. Persistence: Intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget, often disturbing or traumatic Flashbulb memories: Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events. The amygdala is involved in emotional memory. Emotion: Positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity. James lange theory: That functionalism dude says stimuli trigger activity in the ANS, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. Stimuli triggers anomatic para/sympa systems. Experiences trigger reactions from us, and then we become aware of the emotional impact of it AFTER the experience. “Im running for my life, I must be afraid”

Cannon-Bard theory: Stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the ANS and emotional experience in the brain. Was a Williams James student. Two Factor Theory: Emotions are inferences about the causes of physiological arousal The amygdala plays an important role in emotion and threat detection Appraisal: Evaluation of the emotional-relevant aspects of a stimulus Fast (thalamus > amygdala) and slow (thalamus > cortex > amygdala) pathways for fear in the brain Emotion regulation: Use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one’s emotional experience. It would be like trying to talk to an angry person. Reappraisal: Changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus Universality hypothesis: Emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone, proposed by Darwin. People are generally good at judging and creating the same facial expressions. These are six universal emotions: ANGER, DISGUST, FEAR, HAPPINESS, SADNESS, AND SURPRISE Sincere and insincere expressions may “leak out” Four features that are more readily observable seem to distinguish between sincere and insincere facial expressions: Morphology, Symmetry, duration, Temporal patterning Motivation: Purpose for or psychological cause for an action Drive: Internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality Hunger signals go to the hypothalamus when we are HUNGRY, we want to eat to convert food to energy Bulimia nervosa: Eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging Anorexia nervosa: Eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and restricting food intake. Drive overpowers motivation in this case. Obesity (BMI of > or equal to 30) - Is caused by biochemical abnormalities, such as eating when not hungry. -

Studies found that people who ordered a “bottomless” bowl of soup consumed 73% more food than usual. They didn’t feel full despite eating beyond their normal portion size. We learned that the best way to monitor our eating is to count the bites.

Desire for sex is necessary for our survival (procreation)

The hormone DHEA appears responsible for sexual desire, testosterone and estrogen also contribute Women’s sexual interest is independent of the menstrual cycle Testosterone may be the root of sexual desire in both men and women The sex cycle: Excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm phase, resolution phase - this was pioneered by masters and johnson There are many reasons why men and women engage in sexual activity Intrinsic motivation: Motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding Extrinsic motivation: Motivation to take actions that lead to rewards Delaying gratification: Something our species does well Threats or punishment: Can make the prohibited behavior more appealing Conscious motivation: We are aware we are being motivated Unconscious motivation: We aren’t aware we are being motivated Approach motivation: Motivation to experience positive outcomes Avoidance motivation: Motivation to avoid uncomfortable outcomes Language: System for communicating with others tied by rules to convery meaning Phoneme - Smallest unit of a sound that is recognizable as speech Phonological rules - Set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech Morphemes - The smallest MEANINGFUL unit of language Morphological rules: Set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words Syntactical rules - set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences Deep structure/Surface Structure DEEP - Meaning of a sentence SURFACE - How a sentence is worded Language development: Children learn language at an astonishing rate Children make few errors while learning to speak Children passive master develops faster than their active mastery Infants can distinguish between all human phonemes, but it dissipates by 6 months of age Comprehension comes before production All infants go through the same babbling sequence

First words occur 10-12 months of age Fast mapping: Fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure Two word speech: Occurs at around 24 months of age Telegraphic speech: Speech that is devoid of function morphness and consists mostly of content words As children learn grammar, they tend to overgeneralize rules By three years of age children generate complete sentences Evidence of the ease with which children acquire grammatical rules comes from some interesting errors that children make while forming sentences such as incorrect verb forms, overgeneralizations, and fast mapping Family resemblance theory: Prototype theory: The best or most typical member of a category - like comparing Exemplar theory Rational choice theory: We make decisions by determining how likely something is going to happen Heuristics - Help us make decisions Framing effects Intelligence - Ability to direct one’s thinking, adapt to one’s circumstances, and learn from one’s experiences Binet and Simon - developed the first intelligence test for children Fluid Intelligence - Capability to make conclusions Crystalized intelligence - Obtained through experience...