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FREN 1169: Quiz 2 Study Guide February 18, 2016 Timeline (1870-1934) Boulanger Affair 1886-1889 3rd Republic 1870-1940

Panama Scandal Bankruptcy 1889

Eiffel Tower 1889

Universalism (Just for wealthy?) Dreyfus Affair Cubism 1899 1889-1906 1907 Cinema Introduced Beautiful Era World Fair 1895 1899-1914 1900

_____________________________________________________________________________ Impressionist (1880s) Treaty of Versailles Surrealism Riot 1919 1924-1930 1934 WWI DADA “Post Crazy Years” 1914-1918 1916-1923 1930s

Deportation of Jews 1942 WWII 1939-1945

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Impressionist (1880s)  Visual brush strokes, bright colors, flat surfaces  Exhibitions in 1870s  Not favored by expositions  Van Gogh & Paul Gauguin = Impressionist Painters Post-Impressionism:  Painters expand techniques – Develop personal, individual, artistic styles  Goal = Show their own unique style/vision (innovation) w/ impressionists tradition

Boulanger Affair (1886-1889)  General Boulanger:  Also referred to as “General Revanche”  French general & politician  Popular public figure during 3rd republic  Won many elections  Supported him:  Working districts of Paris & other cities  Rural traditionalist Catholics & royalists  Promoted aggressive nationalism (Revanchism) – This opposed Germany & called for the defeat of Franco-Prussian War to be avenged  Elections of September 1889 = Defeat of the Boulangists  Mediocre leader

 Lacked vision and courage  Frightened Republicans  He committed suicide  Boulanger’s Rise:  Wins support of French population = Win seat as representative of Paris (1889)  Represents French military  Promises protection & stability  Embodies spirit and patriotism  Boulanger Affair:  Nationalists from left & right united under “general revenge”  Want him to cease power to get rid of republic  Boulanger’s Downfall Effects:  Nationalists become isolated from radical republicans  Party lines become extreme  Policies are pushed further to extreme  Failed nationalists plot = Celebration of renewed democratic principles Eiffel Tower: (1889)  French people & artists protested against this tower in the beginning  Built for the world fair Colonization - Universalist “Civilizing mission” 3rd Republic:  Jules Ferry:  Responsible for colonial project  “Civilizing Mission”  Educate the rest of the world  Mandatory for kids to attend school  This idea was not popular in the beginning (Very big era) Panama Scandal:  During French 3rd Republic (1892)  Building Panama Canal  Extreme nationalists gained influence  Far right = Anti-democratic  Evacuation of Panama Canal (1886)  Ferdinand de Lesseps:  Had all financial support for canal  Asked for help from the person who built Eiffel Tower  Bought politicians & journalists – To give positive reviews of the canal (Everyone trusts the press) = Convinced investors to invest in company  Panama Canal company filed bankruptcy (1889)

Cinema is Introduced – 1895  Lumière Brothers:

Showed 1st movie (1895) in Paris, Boulevarddes Capucines Developed technological advancements in photography & cinema 1st people to document a movie Films:  Portray everyday life  Parents feeding baby, factory workers, leaving job, train pulling into station  Their early films lead to – New ideas of how film can be used to inform public/entertain public  George Méliès:  Former theatre owner  Magician  Incorporates fantastic elements, science fiction, special effects in films  Produced 1st science fiction movie (1906)  Showed optimism about going to the moon  Films:  “A Trip to the Moon” (1902)  The Impossible Voyage” (1904)    

3rd Republic & ‘La Belle Epoque’ (Beautiful Era): 1899-1914  Renewal & innovation  Known as “modernism”  Sculpture “Triumph of the Republic” – Jules Dalou  General enthusiasm for scientific innovations  Social, economic, political progress  France’s cultural prestige Anti-Semitism & Nationalism:  Principles of Nationalism:  Create sense of shared identity among French people  Political and Economic Threats to France:  Weak economy  Military failures  Political instability (Blamed on Jews)

Dreyfus Affair (1894-1906)  Alfred Dreyfus:  French officer  Jewish background  Center of controversial 12-year case (Dreyfus Affair)  Affair:  “Greatest scandal of the century”  Accused and arrested for writing a note containing secrets about military (1894)  When case is presented – He is confident they have nothing against him  Many people testified against him

 Case rests on a forged note = Normally this would be dismissed BUT atmosphere of nationalistic anti-Semitism = Enough to promote the judges to find Dreyfus guilty  Sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil’s Island (In French Guiana)  Put through public humiliation (His sword was broken into 2 – Represent his removal from the military)  (1896) French intelligence officer found clear evidence of who wrote note 1. Dreyfusards  Those who supported exoneration of Dreyfus  Charles Péguy:  French poet  2 main philosophies = Socialism & nationalism  Became a Dreyfusard 2. Anti-Dreyfusards  People who think Dreyfus is guilty  People who don’t promote Jews  Catholic church (Separated church & state 1905)  Emile Zola:  Writer  Becomes important in getting Dreyfus justice & exposing military corruption & intolerance that caused his false imprisonment  Writes – “J’accuse…!” (Open letter to President Felix Faure)  Published in daily newspaper “L’Aurore”  Risks his career writing this  His Role in Dreyfus Affair:  Be accused for libel – So new evidence in support of Dreyfus would be presented to public  Published a detailed report of every inconsistency in Dreyfus’s trial  Names the parties responsible for Dreyfus’s wrongful conviction  Demands these parties be held responsible for their corruption  Uses hard evidence to exploit the conviction & manipulation for the justice system that covered up army mistakes  Zola convicted 1898  Dreyfus Retried, Reconvicted, Pardoned, Rehabilitated:  Politicians & other public figures petition for presidential pardon (1899)  Dreyfus petitions for full rehabilitation (1906) (12 years from when the case started)  (1906) Exonerated & reinstated as major in French army  French people try to forget the consequences of affair  French people embrace ideas of unity & democracy 1900 – World Fair:  Modernism & cultural superiority  Rival Cities = Berlin, Prague, Vienna  Universal exposition – In Paris

Cubism  Picasso:  Depicted the subject of syphilitic prostitutes in an artistic commentary on urban decay  Cubism painter  Geometric forms  Different perspectives  “Les Demoiselled D’Avignon” (1907) Mask-like faces of women  Use of primitive and cubist elements  African American influence  His social commentary on some dangers of “progress”

WWI – “The Great War” 1914-1918 Cause of War & France Involvement:  Alliances:  Russia/Serbia  Germany/Austria-Hungary  France-Russia  Britain/France/Belgium  Japan/Britain  Assassination of nationalists (Arch Duke Ferdinand & Jean Jaures)  Archduke Franz Ferdinand – Austria:  Assassination of him = Brings countries into WWI = Precipitated Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war against Serbia  Jean Jaurès:  French Socialist leader (1902)  His assassination = Shows many countries are ready to fight in war  Conflict in central Europe  Battle of Verdun (10 months)  Henri Barbusse:  Under fire-diary of a squad (1916)  French novelist  Member of French Communist Party  Friend of Albert Einstein  Enlisted in French Army - Age 41 (1914)  Served against Germany in WWI  Became a pacifist WWI:  “The great war”  July 1914 – November 1918  Colonial armies (Africa, Asia, America, Oceania) fight for French – To support common goal (Universalism)  Advances in weapon technology  War of trenches, War of attrition

 Use of chemical weapons  Women During WWI:  Become active economically and socially  Responsible for making $  Teachers, factory workers, agriculture, hospital, volunteer jobs  “Became backbone for economy”  AFTER WAR – Sent back to their home  Different Opinions on War:  Glory of the Nation (Sacred Union) – French soldiers purpose for fighting  Absurd slaughter

Paths of Glory  Director – Stanley Kubrick  Based on true events & novel  Main Characters – General Broulard, General Mireau Movie:  Miraeu (Divisional commander) informs Dax that soldiers go to Ant hill (suicidal mission)  Fort Douamont – Battle of Verdun:  Worst bloodbath of WWI  315,000 French soldiers died  Soldiers to no-man’s-land (Attack = Failed)  Mireau orders to open fire – They refuse this command  3 men are sentenced to death for being cowardly  3 men – Short, killed by firing squad  X-Mas Eve 1914  Officers and soldiers from both sides meet in “no mans land” and celebrate holiday together  Last Scene:  In tavern  Dax’s soldiers are partying  Mood changes when they listen to a German girl singing and crying  Soldiers feel human compassion (Officers do not)  Shows that people that aren’t involved in war are still effected Myths about WWI: 1. Bloodiest war in history to that point 2. Most soldiers died 3. Men lived in the trenches for years on end 4. The upper class got off lightly 5. “Lions led by donkeys” 6. Gallipoli was fought by Australians & New Zealanders 7. Tactics on Western Front remained unchanged despite repeated failure 8. No-one won 9. Treaty of Versailles = Extremely harsh 10. Everyone hated it

After WWI Arimistice:  Nov. 11, 1918  Formal agreement to stop fighting  Attempt for peace Treaty of Versailles (1919)  Ended war between Germany & allied powers  Forced Germany to disarm  France, Great Britain, Italy, U.S (Germany not invited b/c only winning countries)  Come together to ‘punish’ Germany Germany:  Lost all colonies  Army reduced to 100,000 men  Humiliated

Dada (1916-1923) Dada:  Shows rejection of bourgeois values  Insistence on undoing the past - reinventing arts  “Spontaneous & creative destruction”  Against Bourgeois Universalism  Spirit of freedom  Tristan Tzara:  Poet, artist, journalist, playwright, art critic, composer, film director  Known as being one of the founders & central figures of anti-establishment Dada movement  Interested in Symbolism  Marcel Duchamp:  French naturalized American painter, sculptor, chess player  His work associated w/ Cubism, conceptual art, & Dada  Not directly associated with Dada groups  One of the 3 artists who helped define the revolutionary developments in arts  Responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture

Surrealism (1924-1930s) Surrealism:  Launched by French poet – Andre Breton  Andre Breton:  French writer, poet, anti-fascist  Founder of Surrealism  Renounces “conscious, logical reasoning”  In favor of “free association” & “superior reality” of human creativity  Guillaume Apollinaire:  French poet, play writer, novelist, art critic

 Responsible for creating the term “Cubism” (1911) = New art movement & “Surrealism” (1917) = Works of Erik Satie  Wrote early work described as Surrealist – “The Breasts of Tiresias” (1917)  Salvador Dali:  Spanish surrealist painter  Known for his images in his surrealist work  Best-known work = The Persistence of Memory  Luis Bunuel:  Spanish-Mexican filmmaker  Leader of avant-garde surrealism  Associated w/ surrealist movement (1920s)  Rene Magritte:  Belgian surrealist artist  Known for “witty & provoking” images  Imagery influenced pop and conceptual art

American Artists work in Paris b/c of Individual Freedom & Lack of Prejudice:  Gertrude Stein:  American novelist, poet, playwright  Known as a collector of Modernist art  Was a student at John Hopkins  Ernest Hemingway:  American novelist, short story writer, journalist  His style influenced 20th century fiction  Became an ambulance driver in Italy during WWI  “A moveable Feast” (1952)  Josephine Baker:  American-born French dancer, singer, actress  Known as “Black Pearl”, “Bronze Venus”, “Creole Goddess”  Born in St. Louis, Missouri  Became citizen of France (1937)  Frist black woman to star in major motion picture (Zouzou 1934)  World-famous entertainer  Noted for her contributions to the Civil Rights Movement  Known for assisting the French Resistance during WWI  Received the French military honor

Post “Crazy Years” – Prelude to Another World War:  (1929) Wall street crash = Worldwide economic crisis  (1930s) Rise of ideologies – Extreme left & right  Stavisky:  1974 French film drama  Based on life Alexandre Stavisky (His mysterious death in 1934)  Political scandal – Stavisky Affair

 Riot – February 6, 1934:  Response to Stavisky Affair  Police open fire on crows  Killed 15 and wounded thousands  Media & population want Edouard Daladier to resign – He does  Masses find their own political power  “Sound the alarm” – Fari right = Leagures  Edouard Drumont:  French journalist & writer  Editor of newspaper ‘La Libre Parole’  Anti-Drefusard  3 ‘topics/forms’ of anti-Semitism 1. Traditional Catholic – Christ Killers 2. Hostility to capitalism – Promoted by Socialist movement 3. Scientific racism – Races have fixed characteristics – Jews have negative characteristics

Popular Front  Leon Blum & Popular Front:  Left = Fearing the upsurge in right-leaning sentiment, organizes a march against fascism  Leftist groups = Formerly been splintered overcome their differences  1935 full alliance = Popular front (Led by Leon Blum)  Leon Blum:  Jew  Nationalist  (1936) Elections = Win for Popular Front  Majority of seats in senate = Socialists & Leon Blum becoming prime minister of France  Cultural Revolution:  40-hour work week  2 week paid vacation  Increased salaries  Increased # of local theaters  Gov. subsidized sports/cultural activates  Children required to attend school until age 14 (Mandatory education)  “Everything is possible” & “elated spirit”  Charles Maurras:  French author, poet, critic  Principal philosopher of “Action Francaise” (Political movement) – Monarchist, antiparliamentary, counter-revolutionary)  His views influenced some ideas of fascism

World War II (1938) Munich Conference:

 Hitler forces leaders into making concessions that will “maintain the peace” (1939)  Germany invades Poland (1940)  German offensive against France begins  German troops enter Paris France Taken Over:  Half of France– Controlled by Germany until 1942  After 1942 – Germany controlled all of France  French gov. relocates to Vichy – Becomes Vichy Government (Led by Maréchal Petain)  Marshall Petain:  Known as Philippe Petain  French general  Chief of State of Vichy France (1940-1944)  Age 84 – Frances oldest head of state  During Battle of Verdun – Very good military leader  Viewed as a national hero in France  WWII – Premier of France by President Lebrun  Exiled in London  Head of Resistance movement  General Charles de Gaulle:  French general  Leader of Free French Army (1940-1944)  Write, statesman  Head of Provisional Gov. of French Republic (1944-1946)  Founded 5th Republic (1958)  Elected 18th President of France – Resigned (1969)  Dominant figure during Cold War era  Decorated officer during WWI  Take prisoner at Verdun  After war ended, he was released  WWII – Led an armored division  Relocates to London

Vichy Government  Nazi ideology increasing  Adopts a slogan to go w/ ultra-nationalist & openly anti-Sematic policies (To have moral order in society)  “True French citizens” = Told to “do their duty”  Report Jews, communists, members of the Resistance, other “undesirables” to authorizes (To ensure moral order)  Deportation of Jews – (1942)  76,000 Jews deported from France (1942-1944)

Americans Enter WWII After Pearl Harbor  Allied troops liberate Paris (1944)  Germans surrender (1945)  De Gaulle comes back to reclaim Paris & France & assert French victory...