Study Guide Quiz 4 2 PDF

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BIOL 101

STUDY GUIDE: QUIZ 4 Quiz Preparation Tasks:

7

Information and Its Expression in the Cell

7. 3

The Expression of Biological Information

Your Answers and Notes

A Context for Understanding Gene Expression When an organism expresses its set of genes, the result is all the visible characteristics of that organism. These characteristics are called its ______________.

Phenotype

The term “transcription” means the process of reading a base sequence in the molecule _____ to generate a complementary base sequence in the molecule m_____.

DNA, mRNA

Why is the word “translation” used for protein production? Which “language” is being converted (or “decoded”) into which other “language”? mRNA plays a central role in the expression of genes. View the center of Figure 7.15. Which molecule does mRNA’s information come from by transcription? What cytoplasmic organelle does that information finally end up at? What is its product? Describe 2 major problems that transcription solves for the cell.

Protein production is the process of converting the language of RNA nucleotides into the language of amino acids in proteins. Information from DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then transported to ribosomes. A and C

Transcription: Using Some Genes Now and Some Not at All In the process of transcription, the base sequence in the molecule _______ is read by the molecule _____ _____________, an enzyme that makes an RNA molecule. In order to elongate mRNA, RNA polymerase must unwind and open doublestranded ______. (See Fig 7.19 and associated paragraph.)

DNA, RNA, Polymerase

In order to elongate mRNA, RNA polymerase must sense correct ___________ and incorporate them into the new RNA strand. (See Fig 7.19 and associated paragraph.)

Ribonucleotides

In order to elongate mRNA, RNA polymerase must dislodge the _______ strand from its temporary pairing with DNA. (See Fig 7.19 and associated paragraph.) In order to elongate mRNA, RNA polymerase must __________ the RNA strand to remove and replace copying errors. (See Fig 7.19 and associated paragraph.) Which RNA product gets incorporated into the structure of a ribosome, and then helps the ribosome to recognize how and where to begin their work?

RNA

Following the transcription event in your own cells, list four parts of the overall processing of pre-mRNA in the cell’s nucleus. See Figure 7.20. (Snipping and rejoining are two separate parts of the processing.)

-A guanosine ribonucleotide “cap” is added to the front end of RNA for alignment of message on ribosome -A long poly-adenine tail is added to the end of RNA to control longevity in the cytoplasm -Intron regions are spliced out of the mRNA

DNA

Proofread Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)

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BIOL 101

In the cell nucleus a pre-mRNA has its introns removed by ________ enzymes.

-Some exon regions of the mRNA are spliced together Splicing

Translation: Making Proteins There are 20 kinds of amino acids in proteins (That’s more than the number of kinds of mRNA bases (4) available to code for them!). Yet each kind of amino acid must be coded for in mRNA which has only four kinds of bases. Thus, a short sequence of mRNA bases called a(n) _________ is used to code for each amino acid in the translation process. See Table 7.2 What is a general name for a three-dimensional, folded molecule shaped like an “L” with an anticodon at one end and an amino acid attachment site at the other end? See Fig. 7.23

Codon

In the translation process, tRNA molecules are also called “e” molecules. Why? What molecule does their “anti-codon” sequence bind to? See Figs. 7.24, 7.25 and 7.26. What is their net effect on amino acids as shown in Figure 7.26 e, f?

Keep entire colletion charged with respective amino acids-3D shape. They bind to the ribosome. Elongation, the next tRNA exchange occurs, elongation, a third peptide bond forms and the process continues. GTP

Transferring correct amino acids to the ribosome during elongation: this is a good description of the role of the molecule ________ in the cell’s cytoplasm. What is the role of tRNA synthetase in the cell’s cytoplasm? Fig 7.24, bottom. Peptide bonds are formed during the __________ stage of translation. Figure 7.26 b, d, f The role of the ribosome by means of its subunits associating together: creating a channel for ______ to enter and exit. Fig 7.25 The role of the ribosome or its subunits: helping tRNA _____-codons to bind to mRNA ______. Figs 7.24, 7.26 The role of the ribosome or its subunits: comparing _____ anti-codons against corresponding _____ codons. Fig 7.26 The role of the ribosome or its subunits: binding _______ ______ together to form a polypeptide chain. Fig 7.26

tRNA

Load each individual tRNA with the amino acid it is designed to carry elongation tRNA Anti-message anti, codons tRNA, mRNA Amino acids

Place the following terms into a sequence that best represents the overall flow of information in a cell: translation, pre-mRNA processing, export, transcription, protein processing. (See Figure 7.28)

Transcription, pre-mRNA processing, translation protein processing, export

List all of the organelles involved in the flow of information from archival DNA to its expression as a resulting glycoprotein. See Figs. 7.15, 7.26, 7.28

Nucleus, Ribosome, Ribsomal subunits, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic recticulum, Golgi complex

The Genetic Code The ________________ is often represented as a chart in which a specific sequence of bases in mRNA (a codon) is used to represent each amino acid building block found in the world of proteins. See Fig 7.22

Genetic code

The genetic code is said to be degenerate. What does this mean?

Most of the amino acids are specified by more than one codon

8

Informational Continuity in Cells

8. 1

A Thin Skin of Life Chasing Death

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What are the 3 essential resources that a daughter cell must get from a parent cell or from nature in order to succeed in living life? Fig 8.1 Life perpetuates itself at the _________ level of organization by acquiring monomers and energy sources at the microscopic level and by carrying out absorption, processing and growing “for” the organism. (Review Fig. 1.17)

8. 2

Cell Division: A Requirement for Life When DNA is replicated, the two strands are first separated through breakage of interior ___________ ________; each strand then serves as a _________ against which two new strands are made.

8. 3

The “S” phase of the cell cycle represents the activity of DNA ____________. Moving ahead with cell division is controlled by the: interaction of hormones with cell surface ________ proteins, interaction of receptor proteins with ______ intermediates, interaction of cyclins with ______ proteins, and interaction of kinase proteins with inactive _______ proteins. (Fig 8.8)

8. 6

Hydrogen bonds between the bases, template

Cell Division is Part of a Cycle: The Cell Cycle List the four symbols/names for the four stages of the cell cycle. Fig 8.7

8. 4

A good supply of life’s monoers, persistent supploy of energy, and a continuous source of information to direct growth An energy source or monomers of life

Mitosis (M phase) G0, G1, G2, S Synthesis Binds to the receptor intracellular proteins, cyclins, kinase enzymes, phosphorylation/regulatory

Mitosis List in order the stages of mitosis. Fig 8.10

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

The nuclear membrane of the cell disintegrates during which mitotic period of the cell cycle? Fig 8.10

Prophase

The mitotic stage of metaphase is most clearly defined by what organelle activity with what result? Fig 8.10 (This organelle is attached to a kinetochore.)

Chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate where chromosomes condensation reaches its maximum

The de-condensation of visible chromosomes back into chromatin fibers is a defining feature of which phase of the cell cycle? Fig 8.10

Telophase

Cancer: Mutation Threatening Design The Unifying Basis of Cancer List the 2 principle characteristics of the disease cancer. An ___________ is a mutated form of a gene that normally directs the activation of regulatory pathways moving a cell toward division. Fig 8.16

What do we call genes that normally direct the inhibition of cell division regulatory pathways? Fig 8.16

Cells that divide in an uncontrolled fashion and no longer respect their role of confinement within their tissue of origin Proto-oncogenes a normal cellular gene whose product helps control progress within the cell cycle toward cell division become oncogenes which is a mutant proto-oncogene that predisposes the cell toward uncontrolled division. Tumor suppression gene

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BIOL 101

A Tale of Two Cancer Genes In healthy cells, what is the normal function of the activated Ras protein? see Fig 8.18 (4)

9

Complexity IV: From Cell to Organism

9. 1

Development: Decoding a Master Plan

It stimulates regulatory alterations that result in the movement of a cell from G1 into S phase of the cell cycle. Activates a series of pathway intermediate kinase proteins, the last of which causes an increased production of cyclin molecules.

What Can be Done with a Fertilized Egg? Information for developing an animal comes from within the animal. This is a major difference between animal development and ____________ development.

Human? Plant? Embryonic? Zygote?

Getting From One Cell to You or to a Tree List the recognized organ systems to be found within the human body.

Summarize the structure and function of the endocrine system.

9. 3

Nervous, Endocrine, Muscular, Skeletal, Integumentary, Circulatory, Lymphatic/Immune, Respiratory, Digestive, Excretory, and Reproductive Systems Main organs: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and other hormone secreting glands Main functions: cooperates with nervous system to control body function using hormonal signals

Development of a Human Being Early Events A sequence of human cell divisions accompanied by some growth and cell differentiation convert an early, solid ball of cells called a ___________ into a hollow ball of cells called a _________. see Fig 9.17

Morula, blastocyst

Embryonic Differentiation of Organ Systems List and distinguish all the terms that would be used to describe aspects of the three-dimensional adult form? Fig 9.19

In the three-dimensional form of the adult Dalmatian dog, what would the “front” end of the animal be named? Fig 9.19 Your primordial (early) _________ (an organ) began as a fusion of two endocardial tubes near your midline. (Fig 9.23 and text references)

Anterior=walking, crawling, or gliding forward, the front end Posterior=hind end Dorsal=back or upper side Ventral=belly or underside And Right and Left side Anterior Heart

Organogenesis of the Brain

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List the 5 (early) regions of the brain found in a 7-week-old human embryo. Fig 9.24b In order to differentiate into early brain regions, cells that will form these regions must have surface receptors for both the _____ and _____ signal proteins. Fig 9.25 What is the role of the adult cerebrum?

Which part of the mature adult brain exerts a dominant control over the endocrine system? The _______________ (along with the pituitary gland) Heart rate and respiratory inhalation rates in the mature adult are controlled by the ___________ ___________ (brain region). The brain most directly interacts with and controls the _______ ______ and the peripheral _________. (the other part of its organ system).

Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon Wnt and SHH

Functions in learning, voluntary movement, and sensory interpretation, controlling all censory and motor functions and is the locus of your thought and memory Hypothalamus Medulla oblongata Ventral hypothalamus, pituitary gland

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