Quiz in communication in a cross-cultural context PDF

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Övningsfrågor i Communication in a cross-cultural context. Innehåller frågor för hela kursen....

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QUIZ 1 1. We use nodding and smiling as nonverbal codes during conversations. Which of the following function do such nonverbal codes perform?1    

Repeating the verbal message Substituting the verbal message Accenting the verbal message Regulating verbal communication

C

2. Which of the following is NOT of nonverbal communication, as identified in the chapter?1    

Repeating verbal messages Reinforcing verbal messages Substituting spoken messages Confusing verbal messages

D 3. Territoriality, or how an individually permanently or temporarily claims space. Which of the following Is associated with territoriality?1    

Kinesics Chronemics Haptics Proxemics

D 4. Communicating with unfamiliar cultures does not simply mean finding a translator to facilitate discussions in a foreign language. To understand the significance of a message from someone, you do NOT need to understand… 1    

D

None of these What to expect when someone engages in particular communication behavior The values that weigh heavily in that person’s view of the world The linguistics of the language the other person speaks

5. Culture has been defined differently by scholars from different disciplines, such as philosophy, anthropology, cultural studies and communication. However, scholars tend to agree on some common characteristics of culture. They are…1    

All of these Culture is changing Culture is pervasive Culture is learned

A 6. Which of the following statements best describes cultural relativism? 1    

The belief that ethnic cultural characteristics are unique to the ethic group The belief that all cultural stereotypes are accurate The belief that a culture should be interpreted in its context The belief that one’s own culture is superior to others

C 7. One of the characteristics of communication is that communication is a dynamic process. Communication is a process because… 1    

Communication has a beginning and an end Communication is a fixed sequence of events Communication elements within a process are independent of each other Communication is ongoing, ever-changing and continuous

D 8. Both message and encoding are communication components. However, message is distinguishable from the encoding process in that… 1    

Both message and encoding are internal Both message and encoding are external Message is external to the source whilst encoding is internal Message is internal to the source while encoding is external

C 9. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of Communication Accommodation Theory? 1  

Communication is both exchange of meaning and negotiation of identities Communication interactions are independent of the context

 

Interactants can regulate their communication during the communication process Interactants can achieve the relational functions of communication through discursive means B

10. According to the chapter, what is identified as one of the main limitations of the transmission model?    

It does not allow for distinctions to be made by senders and receivers It cannot account for semantic dimensions of language It does not include the concept of feedback It cannot map the flow of information through systems

B 11. Some countries tightened entry restrictions for immigrants to control diversity. This is an illustration of the concern over the threat of ethnic culture on… 1    

Employment opportunities All of these The distribution of political power structure The mainstream cultural values

B 12. In addition to their shared values, beliefs and patterns of behaviors, members of particular cultures share…    

The same dialect A common food preference A common history A common racial background

C 13. Which of the following statements best describes one of the limitations of Schramm’s interactive model? 1    

D

It only conceives of communication as a one-way process It does not conceive of encoding and decoding as occurring simultaneously It does not consider the field of experience of the interactants It cannot account for multilateral communication

14. Everyone is ethnocentric to some degree. Which of the following characteristic tend to be associated with high level of ethnocentrism? 1    

Attribution of negative qualities to the in-group Large communicative distance between in-groups and out-groups Small communicative distance between in-groups and out-groups An ability to see the world from the perspective of the outgroup

B 15. Cross-cultural adjustment is a two-way process. Which of the following statements is true about this process? 1    

Both the immigrant group and the host nationals undergo psychological and sociological adjustment The attitude of ethnic communities has a strong influence on the migrants’ crosscultural adjustment Only migrants undergo cross-cultural adjustment in the host country Only the host nationals undergo cross-cultural adjustment because of the presence of migrants in their country

A 16. Prejudice and discrimination have been reported in many places as a by-product of multiculturalism. Which of the following statements best describe prejudice and discrimination? 1    

They both mean the same thing Discrimination is the inner perception while discrimination is its outer manifestation Prejudice is the inner negative perception while discrimination is its outer manifestation Prejudice is the result of perception, but discrimination is not

C 17. Verbal and nonverbal codes are different in a number of ways. Which of the following best describes the difference between verbal and nonverbal codes? 1    

Verbal codes are always used consciously by people whereas nonverbal codes are always used unconsciously Verbal system is much less restrictive in sending capacity than nonverbal code Verbal system is based primarily on signs whereas nonverbal system is symbol based Verbal system is governed by a formal grammar whereas nonverbal system is governed by semantics

B 18. Communication is symbolic. Which of the following is NOT true about a symbol?

   

A symbol is arbitrary A symbol has a natural link to its referent A symbol may be abstract A symbol may be a nonverbal code

B 19. Nonverbal codes constitute an important part of our daily communication. Kinesics can be organized into five categories. Holding one’s index and middle fingers upward in a V represented victory in World War II. This is an example of which category of kinesic behavior?    

Emblem Affect display Illustrator Adaptor

A 20. The social zone of personal space, as described by Edward Hall, is influenced by culture. Which of the following interaction is categorized under the study of personal space?    

Intimate communication such a comforting, protecting Social gatherings, work settings and business transactions Interpersonal communication or didactic encounters Public speaking or formal speaking situations

C 21. Which of the following best characterizes the complementary function of the nonverbal code? 1    

It replaces the verbal code It adds information to what is being said It contradicts what is being said It emphasizes what is being said

B 22. Multiculturalism has become a popular concept of our society today. What does multiculturalism refer to at the attitudinal level? 1    

People’s tolerance of diversity and their acceptance of equal societal participation Neither people’s tolerance of diversity nor their acceptance of equal societal participation People’s tolerance of diversity People’s acceptance of equal societal participation

A 23. In a situation where the verbal and nonverbal codes contradict, we tend to believe the message from the nonverbal codes. Which of the following statements is the best explanation for this? 1    

People are more likely to make mistakes with verbal behaviors Verbal behavior is more difficult to interpret than nonverbal behaviors Nonverbal behavior is often performed at a subconscious level and tend to reveal true feelings Nonverbal behaviors are universally understood across cultures

C 24. Erving Goffman (1969) argued that identity is a theatrical performance. His model offers insights into how… 1    

Cultures and identities are regional first We learn our cultural rules and norms only from our parents Cultures and identities are discursive constructions Cultures and identities are essentialist

C ___________________________________________________________________________ _____ QUIZ 2 1. In Hofstede’s study, he found that Japan is on top of the list of masculine cultures whereas Norway, Sweden, and Denmark tend to be more feminine culture. Which of the following statements best describe a masculine culture? 1.    

Inequalities among people are minimized There is overlapping social roles for men and women Assertiveness, competition, and material success are stressed People show little respect for their supervisors or elders

C 2. Many Western cultures tend to think of times as a long ribbon stretched out in a progressive linear path, having a beginning and an end. Adherence to the schedule is important. Which time orientation does this compartmentalization of time best characterize? 1   

Chronemic Monochronic Polychronic



Scientific

B 3. Schwartz argues that there are three cultural dimensions that confront all societies. Which of the following bets describes autonomy versus embeddedness?    

The domination of humankind over nature The relationship between in-groups and out-groups A desire to maintain the social fabric The relationship between individuals and the group

D The value orientation theory, developed by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, suggests that cultures develop unique positions in five value orientations. Which of the following is an assumption of the value orientation theory?    

For a given culture, there are unlimited solutions to these problems Solutions to these problems are independent of the values of the culture In every culture there are universal problems that must be addressed Different generations of people from the same culture view environment differently

C Angela is an Australian whose parents were born in Greece and immigrated to Australia before she was born. Angela speaks Greek at home, attends Greek Orthodox Church, and participates in traditional Greek festivals and holidays. Which of the following statements is more likely to be true of Angela?    

Angela would view other Australian as an outgroup Angela would not view her national identity as Australian Angela has low degree of value content in her ethnic identity Angela exhibits a high degree of salience in her ethnic identity

D The theory of power, proposed by Michel Foucault, is based on three main assumptions. Which of the following is an assumption of this theory?    

C

Institutional bodies do not embody and sustain relations Those who are subjects of power often cannot find ways to resist power Power is dynamic, flowing through individuals in various contexts Social hierarchy is not always present in communication interactions

Uncertainty avoidance is one dimension of culture identified by Hofstede. Which of the following characterizes a culture strong in uncertainty avoidance? 1    

Aggressiv and compulsive Contemplative and security seeking Relaxed and tolerant Active and unemotional

A The Finns prefer to complete tasks one at a time and being late or not finishing something on time is considered rude and impolite. Which of the following concepts best describes the Finnish time orientation? 1    

Monochronic Polychronic Multiple context High- context

A People in the United States are perceived as ’efficiency experts’ that place a high value on time. Which value orientation, as identified by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, does emphasis on efficiency and practicality reflect? 1    

Time orientation Activity orientation Relational orientation Human nature orientation

B Which of the following is NOT one of Schwartz’s cultural value types? 1    

Conservatism Harmony Liberalism Hierarchy

C Managers in some cultures tend to be future-focused and value persistence; managers in other cultures tend to be present-focused and care more about immediate gratification. Which of the following cultural dimensions does this example best represent? 1   

Individualism versus collectivism Harmony versus hierarchy Long-term versus short-term



High uncertainty versus low uncertainty

C Blake and Mouton identified five conflict styles based on the degree of self-concern and other-concern. Which of the following characterizes an accommodating style?    

Self-concern is minimized and other concern is maximized Both self and other concerns are minimized Both self and other concerns are maximized Self-concern is maximized and other concern is minimized

A What is one of the primary considerations evident in Ting-Toomey’s recommendations for dealing with intercultural conflict in a collectivist context?    

Attempt to finalize the negotiations as quickly as possible Recognize the importance of face Do not allow a third party to act as mediator or go-between Try to always use explicit, direct, confrontational communication style

B Amason (1996) grouped conflicts into three types: affective, cognitive, and goal conflicts. Which of the following statement best describes a cognitive conflict?    

Conflict that arises from disagreements about preferred goals Conflict that arises from interpersonal tension and is largely emotional in nature Conflict that arises from disagreements over personalized matters Conflict that arises from the perception of disagreements about the differences in viewpoints, ideas and opinions

D In every culture, there are ’conflict transformers’ who help disputants to resolve conflicts. Which of the following is important to mediation in conflict situations?    

All of these The mediation process The cultural context The substance of agreement

A Transnational justice refers to a range of approaches that cultures undertake to deal with legacies of widespread or systematic human rights abuses as they move from a

period of violent conflict or oppression and towards peace. Which of the following best describes this process?    

All of these The process may include symbolic reparations The process may be focused around legal ramifications for perpetrators The process aims to promote reconciliation divided communities

A What does the concept relational empathy refer to?    

Developing tolerance None of these Dealing with one issue at a time Seeing the issue from the perspective of the other party

D Conflicts are inevitable in the process of intercultural communication. Which of the following is NOT considered an effective conflict management strategy?    

Develop a positive communication climate Focus on common ground and reduce disagreement Encourage people to communicate in their own culturally appropriate way Practice relational empathy

C Which of the following concepts best describes the process of developing a new culture by negotiating cultural differences and building a common ground for communication?    

Intercultural compromise Globalization Intercultural interaction Cultural synergy

D In which of the following cultures are parents more likely to play a central role in deciding the choice of their children’s career path?    

A

Collectivistic cultures High-context cultures Monochronic cultures Low-context cultures

Culture influences the development of interpersonal relationships. A major difference between Eastern and Western relationships is that…    

Western cultures engage in long-term and symmetrical reciprocity Eastern cultures engage in short-term and symmetrical reciprocity Western cultures engage in long-term and asymmetrical reciprocity Eastern cultures engage in long-term and asymmetrical reciprocity

D Arranged marriages are more common in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures. Which of the following statements best explains this phenomenon?    

The acceptance of the potential partner in the family is more important in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures Romantic love between the potential partners is more important in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures Similar religious background of the potential partner is more important in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures Physical attractiveness of the potential partner is more important in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures

A Italians use opera as a cultural metaphor to define themselves - because of its emphasis on emotion, drama, and the lyrical use of language. Which dimension o interpersonal relationships, as identified by Lustig and Koester, does this example illustrate?    

Inclusion Affection Activation Control

C Anxiety/uncertainty management theory is used in understanding relationship development. Which of the following statements does NOT characterize this theory?    

The reduction of uncertainty leads to change in the nature of communication Effective intercultural communication is a function of reducing uncertainty Uncertainty refers to one’s ability to explain one’s own feelings in communication Anxiety is the affective equivalent of uncertainty

C The terms race and ethnicity are often used interchangeably, although differences exist between the two concepts. What differentiates ethnicity from the race?

   

Race does not refer to biological characteristics but ethnicity does Race is attached to nation while ethnicity is attached to group Race is ascribed whilst ethnicity is avowed Race involves biological characteristics while ethnicity does not

D In every country, there are continuous reproduction, reinterpretation, and transmission of a pattern of symbols, values, memories, myths, and traditions. Which function of national identity do these myths of origin serve?    

They provide a factual historical record of the nation’s development They help to create a sense of national identity They provide a point of unity with other nations They highlight the divisions between subgroups within the nation

B Which of the following best describes social identity theory’s claims on social identity formation?    

Social identity is formed based on the extent to which we are successfully or unsuccessfully interpellated Social identity is formed based on ascribed characteristics only Social identity is formed based on the social categories of group memberships Social identity is formed based on the context in which it occurs

C Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cultural identity?    

Cultural identity has a value and salience content The level of our cultural identification influences our behaviors We are less aware of our cultural identities when we find ourselves in another culture Although cultural identity is often def...