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Chapter 9 Study online at quizlet.com/_4etyxn 1.

Anthropometrics

methods of measuring physical and mental variation in humans

2.

Mental age

the average intellectual ability score for children of a specific age

3.

Intelligence

the ability to think, understand, reason, and adapt to or overcome obstacles

4.

Binet test

a measure of a child's current abilities, not as a measure of an innate capacity

5.

Stanford-Binet test

test intended to measure innate levels of intelligence

6.

Intelligence quotient

calculated by taking a person's mental age, dividing it by their chronological age, and multiplying by 100

7.

Deviation IQ

calculated by comparing the person's test score with the average score for people of the same age

8.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

most common intelligence test in use today for adolescents and adults

What is the IQ for an average child?

100

10.

General ability

Verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning

11.

Cognitive proficiency index

working memory and processing speeds

12.

Raven's Progressive Matrices

intelligence test that is based on pictures, not words, thus making it relatively unaffected by language or cultural background; takes ability to recognize patterns and shapes within a matrix and complete the patterns

9.

Who developed the StanfordBinet test?

Lewis Terman

What was the Standford-Binet test originally developed for?

Used in WWI to determine who should be an officer

15.

Eugenics

good genes

16.

Who coined the term eugenics?

Galton

17.

What did Lewis Terman argue that IQ tests proved?

strong empirical justification for eugenic practices; ex. forced sterilization of "less intelligent" people

13.

14.

18.

Who wrote the book, The Bell Curve?

Herstein and Murray

19.

What did The Bell Curve argue?

people with high intelligence were reproducing less than people of low intelligence; a healthy society would be people whom worked the hardest and had the most ability would be wealthy and have the highest power and status

20.

Stereotype threat

occurs when negative stereotypes about a group cause group members to underperform on ability tests

21.

Why does stereotype threat cause concern for validity of IQ test scores?

causes people to become more self focused, leaving fewer cognitive resources for them to focus on the test itself

22.

Entity theory

belied that intelligence is a fixed characteristic and relatively difficult, or impossible, to change

23.

Incremental theory

belief that intelligence can be shaped by experiences, practice, and effort

24.

What did Dweck and SorichBlackwell design for brain training?

Brainology, shows that the brain can be trained and strengthened through practice

25.

Savant

individual with low mental capacity in most domains, but extraordinary abilities in other specific areas such as music, math, or art

26.

Factor Analysis

statistical technique that examines correlations between variables to find clusters of related variables, or "factors"

27.

General intelligence factor

mental energy, belief that some brains are more powerful than others

28.

What can general intelligence scores predict?

How long a person is likely to live, how quickly they can make judgements, how well they exert self control, how efficiently that conduct nerve fibres across synapses

29.

What is the two-factor intelligence theory?

S&G

30.

What is the short version of general intelligence factor?

G

31.

What does S represent?

skill or ability for a given task

32.

What does G represent?

general, overarching intelligence

33.

What are the seven different clusters of primary mental abilities?

1. word fluency 2. verbal comprehension 3. numeric abilities 4. spatial visualization 5. memory 6. perceptual speed 7. reasoning

34.

Fluid intelligence

type of intelligence used in learning new information and solving new problems not based on knowledge the person already possesses; not dependent on past experiences

35.

What test is used to test fluid intelligence?

Raven's Progressive Matrices

36.

Crystallized intelligence

type of intelligence that draws upon past learning and experience

37.

What do crystallized intelligence tests test?

vocabulary and general knowledge; depend heavily on prior knowledge

38.

What's an example of a fluid intelligence test?

Tower of London test

39.

What are the exceptions to fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence being separate of each other?

1. Difficult to measure crystallized intelligence without tapping into pre-existing knowledge and experience. 2. Greater fluid intelligence means person is able to process information and to learn, therefore greater fluid intelligence over time may lead to greater crystallized intelligence

40.

Does crystallized or fluid intelligence decline over time?

Crystallized intelligence declines over time, approximately middle adulthood.

41.

What happens when crystallized intelligence declines?

Reduced efficiency in the prefrontal cortex

42.

When does crystallized intelligence decline?

in elderly years

43.

What is the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?

theory that divides into three distinct types: analytical, practical, and creative

44.

Who came up with the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?

Sternberg

45.

Analytical intelligence

book smarts; ability to reason logically through a problem and to find the solution

46.

Practical intelligence

street smarts; ability to find solutions to realworld problems that are encountered in daily life, especially those that involve other people

47.

Creative intelligence

ability to generate new ideas and novel solutions to problems

48.

Multiple intelligence

a model claiming that there are seven (now updated to at least nine) different forms of intelligence, each independent from the others

49.

Who proposed the multiple intelligences?

Gardiner

50.

What is the multiple intelligences model formed from?

real world observations and abilities of people with a wide range of accomplishments

51.

Where do females/males excel?

Females: verbal fluency tasks Males: visuospatial tasks

52.

Who stole Einstein's brain?

Dr. Harvey

53.

What was special about Einstein's brain?

High # of glial cells to neurons in the left parietal lobe and parts of the temporal lobe; higher density of neurons in the right frontal lobe; larger parietal lobe; extra fold; frontal lobes with extra convulsions (increased SA and neural connectivity involved in abstract thought)

54.

How do intelligence scores correlate between twins?

About .85

What does the heritability estimate describe?

how much of a difference between people in a sample can be accounted for by differences in the genes

What would make the heritability estimate higher?

if people in a sample inhabit similar environments

57.

What has nature vs nurtue now changed to?

nurture shapes nature

58.

Behavioural genomics

examines how specific genes interact with the environment to influence behaviours; main focus is to identify genes that are related to cognitive abilities, such as learning and problem solving

59.

How many genes have been found to have an impact on mental retardation?

300

60.

gene knockout studies

involve removing a specific gene and comparing the characteristics of animals with and without that gene; can also do opposite and insert genetic material into the animal to study

61.

What is an animal that receives a gene referred to?

Transgenic animal

62.

What gene codes for the NMDA receptor?

NR2B

63.

What does the NMDA receptor do?

Plays a crucial role in learning and memory

64.

What anatomical feature is strongly related to intelligence across different species?

the number and size of gyri (the convoluted surfaces of fissures and folds)

65.

Flynn effect

steady population level increases in intelligence test scores over time

66.

N-back test

people presented with stimulus and had to recall if the positions on the grid were the same as the previous trial, or two previous, or three previous - got harder as it went along

55.

56.

67.

What did the n-back test increase? And Fluid intelligence; how long did the effect last? 3 months

68.

Nootropic substances

believed to beneficially affect intelligences

69.

What are examples of nootropic substances?

Ritalin (methylphenidate) and Provigil (modafinil)

70.

What does Ritalin do?

inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine, leaving these neurotransmitters in the synapses between cells

71.

What does Provigil do?

boosts short term memory and planning abilities by affecting the reuptake of dopamine

72.

Rod has been raised in an impoverished orphanage for the last four years. He has just been adopted at the age of five. What does the research tell us about Rod's future cognitive abilities?

Rod should show a remarkable recovery in intelligence after being placed in his adopted home

73.

While your professor likes Sternberg's theory of intelligence, you prefer Gardner's theory of ________________, which seems to be a more complete and thorough assessment of eight intelligences, each independent from one another.

multiple intelligences

74.

Intelligence tests were first developed in France because the French government wished to

assess children in school to identify children who would benefit from specialized education

75.

On most intelligence tests, the norm (or 100 average) score is

76.

What type of study involves removing a gene knockout specific gene and comparing the (KO) studies characteristics of animals with and without that gene?

77.

Proponents of the eugenics movement believed that you could

improve society by preventing people with low IQs from having children.

78.

Tim's son, Gordon, has unique abilities to a savant draw intricate shapes of buildings, artistic designs, and complicated geometric figures. While Gordon has low mental capacities, this specific ability is remarkable. Gordon would be best described as

79.

University admissions tests and a wide range general of intelligence tests administered by intelligence psychologists demonstrate that Spearman's concept of ______________ is very much alive and well.

80.

Jack is participating in a research trial at the local university. He is given a task called the Tower of London test, which is commonly used for assessing ___________ intelligence.

81.

After studying this chapter, you and your Flynn friends are discussing how smart each of you are in comparison to past generations, including your parents. You note that while technological advances, better nutrition, and better test-taking may be contributing to the ____________ effect, there also seems to be a regression toward the mean for wealthy, developed countries.

82.

Kelly is a normal, healthy 30-year old who wants to get promoted at work. She asks her physician if there are any medications that she could take to help her. Her physician, who attends many conferences and is aware of new advances in medical knowledge, most likely responds by saying

"No, drugs that enhance cognitive performance have too many risks and should not be prescribed to healthy individuals."

Your professor and another student are in a heated debate about the effect of birth order on IQ. As you have just recently written a paper on the subject, you raise your hand and state that

birth order has only minimal effects of about 3 points on a typical IQ test.

83.

84.

Binet and Simon developed a test comprised of tasks of increasing difficulty that computed

mental age

85.

Dr. Morris is working in the lab studying intelligence using mice. A number of the mice he is using have had specific genes removed. This type of study is known as

gene knockout.

86.

If someone were writing a textbook about psychology, we would expect that person would have extensive knowledge and years of experience in that area, and essentially have high __________ intelligence.

crystallized

87.

Even when adopted and raised apart, the intelligence scores of identical twins are correlated at approximately

0.80

88.

During a class discussion on cognitive skills, Gary says that males and females are fundamentally different in all cognitive abilities. Gary's professor quickly says,

Psychologists must be careful not to overgeneralize the concept of visual-spatial abilities."

89.

When multiple intelligences are Females; considered, rather than overall IQ, a clear Males difference between the sexes does emerge. ____________ are, on average, better at verbal abilities, some memory tasks, and the ability to read people's basic emotions. ________ have the advantage on visuospatial abilities, such as mentally rotating objects or aiming at objects

90.

The focus of the ________________ genomic approach to intelligence is to identify genes that are related to increases or decreases in certain types of learning and problem solving.

91.

The use of ____________________ drugs remains nootropic; a potential strategy for enhancing your cognitive ________________ faculties; however, given their potential side effects and addictive nature, and the uncertainty regarding the long-term consequences of using such drugs, this option may not be the best way to influence intelligence.

92.

__________ became motivated to study intelligence to, in effect, prove that certain families were intellectually superior because of the genes they inherited.

fluid

behavioural

Sir Francis Galton

93.

What can we say about brain size and intelligence?

Only modest correlations exist between brain size and intelligence

94.

Sir Francis Galton measured the sensory abilities of the thousands of people who came into his lab. Galton termed this first approach at assessing the differences in people's abilities

anthropometrics.

95.

Dr. Stuart is administering an intelligence test that emphasizes problems that are intended not to be bound Raven's to a particular language or culture. One subtest he administers to his patient involves seeing patterns in the Progressive shapes and colours within a matrix and then determining which shape or colour would complete the pattern. Matrices. This intelligence test is known as

96.

What belief regarding intelligence led to a misuse of tests to justify claims about differences between races?

the belief that intelligence was genetically determined and innate

Chapter 10 Study online at quizlet.com/_4qvemg 1.

Developmental psychology

study of human physical, cognitive, and behavioural characteristics across the lifespan

16.

Who has more synapses, child or adult?

children - at birth the infant has built virtually all neurons that will make up the adult brain

2.

Cross-sectional design

used to measure and compare samples of people at different ages at a given point in time; relatively cheap and easy to administer, but can suffer from cohort effects

17.

Why is it beneficial to be born with so many synapses?

Ensures that while growing up, the developing brain will be best able to learn to perceive and adapt to those environments

18.

3.

Cohort effects

differences between people that result from being born in different time periods

4.

Longitudinal design

follows the development of the same set of individuals through time; difficult to carry out and costly; often suffer from attrition

What are the main advantages of no preprogramming?

1. Incredibly plasticity of our neurobiology 2. Social support system that keeps us alive when we are very young

19.

diet

Attrition

occurs when participants drop out of a study for various reasons, such as losing interest or moving away

What is the single most important non-genetic factor during pregnancy?

20.

How much more energy do women require during pregnancy?

almost 20% more

21.

What do women need more of when pregnant?

protein and essential nutrients (omega-3 fatty acids, folic acid, zinc, calcium, and magnesium)

22.

Teratogen

substances, such as drugs, or environmental toxins, that impair the process of development

23.

What happened when women took thalidomide?

used for morning sickness; caused miscarriages, blindness, deafness, and phocomelia (hands and feet or both emerged directly from the shoulders or hips)

24.

Fetal alcohol syndrome

involves abnormalities in mental functioning, growth, and facial development in the offspring of women who use alcohol during pregnancy

25.

What does smoking interfere with?

development of the serotonergic system; neurogenesis; expression of receptors that affect synaptic functioning; development of brain areas related to self-regul...