RAP 2 - Study Guide Chapters 2 & 3 PDF

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This is the study guide for an in class quiz...

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Study Guide for BMSP 2135 – Readiness Assurance Test 2 Chapters 2 & 3

Chapter 2 – The Chemistry of Life Why start with chemistry? Because it is the foundation of our bodies and the concepts in this course. **Does the word “chemistry” scare you? Have you taken chemistry in the past, but you just “don’t get it”? Then I suggest you start with the CH 2 Practice Assignment in Mastering. It has some video tutorials that walk you through the basics and asks few multiple choice questions about each topic. **If you have a strong background in chemistry, I suggest verbally answering (out loud!) or writing out the answers to the learning outcomes at the beginning of each module. Or you can complete the student workbook. This will help you pinpoint the material that you need to review. Most students need to review module 2.5. Module 2.1 – Atoms and Elements Need a basic chemistry review? This video explains subatomic particles, atomic number, isotopes, and atomic structure. Please note that the valence shell is always the outermost shell (the first shell is the outermost shell if an atom has one or two electrons). This Pearson video on atomic structure covers section 2.1 in your book and is included in the CH 2 practice assignment. Atoms and Subatomic Structure Subatomic Particle

Charge

Mass

Location in the atom

Why are atoms electrically neutral? Electron Shells Review Electron Shells and know the number of electrons that will fill the first two shells. Elements in the Periodic Table and the Human Body This section should be review for most students. Be able to define atomic number and mass number. Know the four major elements in the human body.

If given the name, provide the abbreviation and if given the abbreviation provide the name of the following elements: sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorine, phosphorus, iron, and iodine. Don’t worry about differentiating between metals and nonmetals. Isotopes and Radioactivity Be able to define mass number, isotope, and radioisotope. Are all isotopes radioactive? What are some medical applications of isotopes?

Module 2.2 – Matter Combines: Mixtures and Chemical Bonds Recognize the fundamental difference between a mixture and a chemical bond. Mixtures Differentiate between suspensions, colloids, and solutions. Figure 2.3 on page 35 sums this up nicely. Types of mixtures

Clear or opaque?

Particle size

Are particles visible?

Do particles settle out?

Do particles dissolve?

Define solute and solvent. The most important solvent in the human body is _______________. Chemical Bonds The intro to this section describes combining elemental sodium and poisonous chlorine gas to make NaCL (table salt). This optional 4 minute video shows a demonstration of that reaction. Pearson has four videos on chemical bond that are all included in the CH 2 practice assignment on Mastering. Define the terms: molecules, macromolecules, and compounds. Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonding Define valence shell, valence electrons, and the octet rule (and the duet rule).

Ions and Ionic Bonds Define ion, cation, and anion. Be able to interpret Figure 2.4 on page 37 and explain ionic bonding. Covalent Bonds Explain covalent bonding, and be able to interpret figure 2.5 on page 38. Define single covalent, double covalent, and triple covalent bonds. Distinguish between nonpolar covalent bonds and polar covalent bonds. This cute & short video explains ionic and covalent bonds. This video focuses on polar covalent bonds. Explain hydrogen bonds and identify them in a figure (such as figure 2.7a on page 40). Explain how surface tension of water relates to hydrogen bonding (this video covers that topic). Module 2.3 Chemical Reactions Chemical Notation This section is probably review for most students. You should be able to interpret a chemical equation such as the one at the top of page 41. You should also be able to recognize the reactants and products in a reaction. Energy and Chemical Reactions Differentiate potential and kinetic energy. Forms of Energy in the Human Body Explain the three forms of potential energy in the human body; chemical, electrical, and mechanical. Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions Review this section if you are not familiar with the concept of endergonic and exergonic reactions. Homeostasis and Types of Chemical Reactions This section just introduces the three types of chemical reactions in the body: catabolic reactions, exchange reactions, and anabolic reactions. You should be able to differentiate the types of reactions and answer the Quick Check question. This 6 min Pearson video explains chemical reactions. Reaction Rates and Enzymes Review activation energy and the factors that affect the rate of reactions. This section also covers enzymes, an important topic that will come up again and again in A&P. You should know this material well.

Module 2.4 Inorganic Compounds: Water, Acids, Bases and Salts Water This is another important topic that is foundational for A&P. Know this material! Here’s a video (11 minutes long) covering the properties of water. Acids and Bases This is another important topic that is foundational for A&P. Know this material! If you struggle with the pH equation, this recommended video is very helpful (9 minutes). The pH Scale This is important for discussing acids and bases. You should understand the pH scale. Pay attention to the ConceptBOOST on page 49. It is helpful to understand this concept. Buffers Understand the important role of buffers in the body. This video is very helpful for gaining a good concept of how buffers work, Legos are a great teaching tool! We won’t be covering some of the technical details mentioned in the video (like pKa) and you may want to skip the last part about designing a buffer. Salts and Electrolytes Define salt and electrolyte. Short 2 minute video showing electrolytes in action. Module 2.5 – Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleotides This is the most important module in the chapter! This video is discusses the 4 categories of organic compounds. Monomers and Polymers Define monomer and polymer. As you move through the chapter, you should be able to recognize examples. Carbohydrates Carbo- means carbon and –hydrate refers to water. Carbohydrates all have the ratio of 1 Carbon:2 Hydrogens:1 Oxygen (CH20) List some functions of carbohydrates in the body. What is the monomer? Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Examples of monosaccharides: ribose, deoxyribose (found in RNA & DNA); glucose, fructose, galactose Disaccharide formed by dehydration synthesis. Examples of disaccharides; sucrose & lactose.

Polysaccharides Long chains of monosaccharides. Examples of polysaccharides; starch (in plants), glycogen (see figure 2.16 on page 52) Lipids How does the composition of lipids differ from carbohydrates? How is it similar? Fatty Acids and Triglycerides What is the structure of a fatty acid? Differentiate between saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Describe the formation of a triglyceride (see figure 2.18 on page 53) What is the primary function of triglycerides? Phospholipids Pay close attention to this section, it is important! Steroids Steroids are important in the body and will be a recurring topic in this course. Differentiate the figure of cholesterol (fig 2.20 on page 55 from carbohydrates (fig 2.14, 2,15, 2,16) Proteins List some functions of proteins in the body. What is the monomer? What are the polymers? Amino Acids What do all amino acids have in common? How do amino acids differ? Peptides and Peptide Bonds Define peptide and peptide bond. Note figure 2.22 on page 56. Protein Structure Why is a protein’s structure important? What are the four levels of protein structure? What happens when a protein loses its shape?

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids What are the three parts of a nucleotide? Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) This is an important molecule in the human body! Pay close attention to this section. The Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA We won’t get into the details about the structure of DNA & RNA, but you should be able to classify them as nucleic acids. Table 2.3 – Summarizes the 4 types of organic molecules. Review this table!!

Chapter 3 – The Cell This video gives a great overview of cells with some amazing animation! Module 3.1 – Introduction to Cells Basic Processes of Cells – Glance at each process listed (this is easy because they are bulleted), they should make sense to you. If one doesn’t, read the description. Overview of Cell Structure – This section gives a brief overview of the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It is probably all review if you took an intro biology course, so you can skip this. Cell Size and Diversity – cells come in lots of shapes and sizes (see Figure 3.2 on page 70 for examples). Cells also have a variety of functions. This is important, but probably not new to you, so you can skip this section. Module 3.2 – Structure of the Plasma Membrane The Phospholipid Bilayer – This is important stuff! The book gives a great explanation, so take the time to read this section. This 9 min video gives a nice explanation of the phospholipid bilayer and selective permeability. The Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane – Describe how the membrane demonstrates a mosaic and fluidity. Here is a 2 minute video showing the membrane and giving a nice visual. Membrane Proteins – Membrane proteins are important! Be sure to review this section. This 9 minute video describes membrane proteins. Other Membrane Components – Read this short section.

Module 3.3 – Transport across the Plasma Membrane Define selective permeability – that is the key concept in this section. This 9 minute video explains it nicely an also includes some of the transport processes in the following sections. Passive Transport Processes – Diffusion – movement down a concentration gradient. Note the things that impact the rate of diffusion, starting on the bottom of page 75. Distinguish between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. Also distinguish between channels and carriers. Osmosis – An important concept! If you did not understand this during the mini-lecture, be sure to read this section! You need to understand osmosis and tonicity. Active Transport via Membrane Proteins – Primary Active Transport – Important stuff here. Carefully read the first two paragraphs. You should understand how the sodium-potassium pump works. In my opinion, a video is more helpful than text for this concept. Secondary Active Transport – This concept can be tricky to understand. Read this section and watch this recommended video for an explanation (it is way too anthropomorphic, but gets the point across). Consequences of Ion Transport across the Plasma Membrane: Introduction to ElectrophysiologySkip this section for now, we will cover this in later chapters. Active Transport via Vesicles – This video shows bulk transport (endocytosis & exocytosis), except for transcytosis (which is just endocytosis on one side of the cell followed by exocytosis on the other side).

Module 3.4 – Cytoplasmic Organelles Skip to Table 3.2 on page 94. Know this table! It will help you recognize organelles & understand their basic structure and function. Module 3.5 – The Cytoskeleton Read the bold text after each bullet. If one of those functions is new to you, read the descriptive text. Types of Filaments Skip to Table 3.3 on page 96. Know the information in this table (except you don’t have to worry about the measurement values). Cellular Extensions Microvilli – read this section and explain how the structure-function principle applies. Cilia and Flagella – know the information listed in table 3.4 on page 99.

Module 3.6 – The Nucleus Don’t worry about the details in this section. Know that the nucleus contains DNA and is surrounded by the nuclear envelope. Also know that the nucleolus is where ribosomes are assembled. Module 3.7 – Protein Synthesis You can skip this section. Just know that DNA is like a recipe book containing the recipes for making proteins. Module 3.8 – The Cell Cycle You can skip this section. Just know that mitosis is cell division that leads to the production of two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the mother cell....