Recognise Healthy Body Systems - Endocrine System PDF

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Summary of the endocrine body system....

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20 HLTAAP001 - RECOGNISE HEALTHY BODY SYSTEMS The Endocrine System Outline of System Made up of: Glands that secrete chemicals called ‘hormones’ into the bloodstream or surrounding tissues. The Function of the endocrine system: Play a role in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function and reproductive processes and influences almost every cell, organ and function of our bodies. A gland: An organ that synthesizes a substance such as hormones for release into the bloodstream. the major glands that make up the endocrine system are the: - hypothalamus - pituitary - thyroid - parathyroid - adrenals - pineal body - the ovaries - the testes

Hormones Hormone definition: Without hormones cells wouldn’t Hormones control: know when to do important things, they transfer - Reproduction information and instructions from one set of cells to - Growth another. They are released directly into the blood - Development stream and transported throughout the body. Hormone - Mobilization of body defences against stressors levels can be influenced by factors such as stress, - Maintenance of electrolytes, water and nutrient infection, and changes in the balance of fluid and balance of the blood minerals in blood. - Regulation of cellular metabolism - Energy balance Exocrine Glands Exocrine glands: Glands that secrete their products into ducts which lead directly to the external environment. Include sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands. release more than 20 major hormones directly into the bloodstream where they can be transported to cells in other parts of the body. The major glands the make up the endocrine system include: - Hypothalamus - Pituitary gland - Thyroid - Parathyroid - Adrenal glands - Pineal body - Reproductive glands - Pancreas

Hypothalamus Hypothalamus: Provides information sensed by the brain (such as environmental temperature, light exposure and feelings) to the pituitary gland. Nerve cells in hypothalamus control pituitary gland by producing chemicals that either stimulate or supress hormone secretions from the pituitary.

Pituitary Gland Pituitary gland: A small pea-sized gland that plays a major role in regulating vital body functions and general wellbeing. Controls metabolism, growth, sexual maturation, reproduction, plod pressure and many other vital physical functions and processes. It s divided into two parts, the Anterior lobe and Posterior lobe. Anterior lobe: Regulates activity of thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands. Which includes: Growth hormone – Stimulates bone and tissue growth Prolactin – activates milk production Thyrotropin – Stimulates thyroid gland to produce hormones. Corticotrophin – stimulates the adrenal gland to produce hormones. Endorphins – Chemical that acts on NS to reduce feelings of pain, signal reproductive organs to produce sex hormones. Controls ovulation and menstrual cycle. Posterior lobe: Is responsible for: Antidiuretic – Releases antidiuretic which helps control the balance of water in the body. Oxytocin – Triggers contractions of the uterus for preparation of birth. Thyroid Gland Thyroid gland makes and stores hormones that help regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and the rate at which food is converted into energy. Thyroid hormones are essential for cell function and help regulate growth and metabolism. Parathyroid is attached into the thyroid by four tiny glands and release hormones that regulate the level of calcium in the blood with the assistance of calcitonin which is produces in the thyroid. They produce a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Thymus The Thymus is instrumental in the production and maturation of T-lymphocytes (a specific type of white blood cell that protects the body from certain threats). It is at its largest in adolescence and then gradually shrinks away throughout adulthood, being replaced with fatty tissue.

Adrenal Glands The Adrenal glands are located on the top of each kidney and have two parts, the adrenal cortex (the outer part) and the adrenal medulla (the inner part). Adrenal Cortex – Secretes hormones that control the use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates in the body. Secretes male sex hormones as well as mineralocorticoids that control blood pressure and the levels of salt and potassium in the body. Adrenal Medulla – Secretes hormones such as adrenaline that affect blood pressure, heart rate and sweating. Pineal Body The pineal body is in the middle of the brain. Major hormone produced is melatonin that assists with sleep and arousal. Increased melatonin production causes feelings of drowsiness at night-time when the pineal gland is active

Reproductive Glands Male – The gonads or testes are the main source of sex hormones and secrete testosterone. These hormones influence puberty such as penis and height growth, voice deepening, and hair growth. Works with the pituitary gland to initiate sperm production in testes. Female – The gonads or ovaries are in the pelvis and produce eggs and secrete oestrogen and progesterone which are involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and play a role in pregnancy. Oestrogen assists with puberty including breast growth and extra body fat around the hips and thighs. The Pancreas The pancreas produces two very important hormones: insulin and glucagon which work together to maintain a steady level of glucose in the blood and keep the body supplies with fuel to produce and maintain stores of energy.

Common Endocrine Complications And Diseases Too much or too little of a hormone can be harmful to your body. Common disorders of the endocrine system: - Adrenal insufficiency - Growth hormone problems - Hyperthyroidism - Type 1 diabetes - Type 2 diabetes - Cushing syndrome - Hypothyroidism Menopause Growth Hormone Problems Gigantism: A rare condition caused by a pituitary Menopause: is a natural life event that signals the end tumour where too much growth hormone is produced of a woman’s childbearing years. Oestrogen levels start to fluctuate and then drop. The ovaries slowly decrease as a child can. the production of hormones which regulate Dwarfism: The pituitary gland hormone fails to provide adequate growth hormone to child’s growth. menstruation and pregnancy.

Adrenal Insufficiency Adrenal insufficiency: the adrenal gland releases too little cortisol and something aldosterone. Symptoms include: Fatigue, stomach upset, dehydration, and skin changes. Addison’s disease is a type of adrenal insufficiency.

Cushing Syndrome Cushing syndrome: Body has abnormally high levels of cortisol likely caused by overuse of corticosteroid medications. Symptoms include: obesity, growth failure, muscle weakness, easy bruising, acne, high blood pressure.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Cystic Fibrosis (CF): A genetic disease that affects the body’s exocrine glands, causing them to secrete an excess of mucus and other secretions and interferes with normal body function. Symptoms Include: Thick and sticky mucus

Polycystic Ovary syndrome (PCOS) Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): is a common endocrine system disorder among women of reproductive age. Symptoms include: enlarged ovaries that contain small collections of fluid, infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods, excess hair growth, acne, and obesity.

Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes: When the pancreas fails to produce insulin that regulates glucose levels, and when blood glucose levels are too high, the body’s organs can be seriously damaged. Must take insulin injections for life. Having a healthy diet, taking regular exercise, and having regular blood tests help to balance blood glucose levels. long term complications include kidney problems, nerve damage, blindness, early coronary heart disease and stroke. Symptoms Include: excessive thirst, hunger, frequent urination, weight loss.

Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes: When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to maintain a normal blood glucose level and is unable to use the insulin that is produced. Complications are same as type 1 however blood sugar levels can be controlled by diet, exercise, and oral medication. Is a progressive condition.

Hyperthyroidism Thyroid gland is overactive and produces too much of the hormone thyroxine. Symptoms Include: acceleration of your body’s metabolism causing sudden weight loss, nervousness, tremors, irritability, excessive sweating, rapid or irregular heart rate, high blood pressure, protruding eyes, and neck swelling. Grave’s disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.

Hypothyroidism A common endocrine disorder in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. Symptoms Include: fatigue, slow heart rate, dry skin, weight gain, and poor ability to tolerate cold....