Rehabilitation - Annelie harvey PDF

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Annelie harvey...

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Rehabilitation •

Varying definitions

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The reduction of criminal recidivism among adjudicated offenders (those convicted by the courts) McGuire (2010)

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Strong focus within the Criminal Justice System

Why isn’t punishment enough? •

Behaviour change is more effectively brought about by positive reinforcement (Bandura, 1977)

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For punishment to be most effective … ▫

Inevitability: offending behaviour must always be followed by punishment

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Immediacy: punishment should occur more or less instantaneously

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Severity: the most effective punishments occur at the maximum possible intensity

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Availability of alternative behaviour: punishment works best when other options are available

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Comprehensibility: Punishment should be understood in relation to the behaviour that has brought it about

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None of these conditions are adequately met in the Criminal Justice System.

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Speeding in your car on a motorway or other road?

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Smoking or drinking under-age?

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Using illegal substances?

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Hit / kick / punch / push / threaten someone?

They can all be crimes. Look to why a person commits a crime, and then seek to change it. Criminogenic vs. Clinical needs Criminogenic needs •

Factors that have been theoretically and empirically considered to contribute to criminal behaviour and apply in the individual’s case

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Successful intervention in these areas is likely to result in reduction in offending through rehabilitation

Clinical needs •

Factors that are related to the individual’s personal functioning

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Targeting these needs may lead to an improved life for the offender

Andrews & Bonta (1998) Good Lives Model (Ward, 2002) •

All human beings are ‘goal directed’ – we want a good life!

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Key things we all seek are called ”primary goods” – things that we want for their own sake.

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Ways to achieve these are called “secondary goods” (e.g. money)

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Offending is simply one way of achieving “goods”

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May choose offending instead of non-offending because of inadequate scope, inappropriate means or inadequate resources.

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Offending stops when we can achieve our goods without resorting to crime

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1.life (including healthy living and functioning)

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2.knowledge (how well informed one feels about things that are important to them)

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3.excellence in play (hobbies and recreational pursuits)

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4.excellence in work (including mastery experiences)

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5.excellence in agency (autonomy, power and self-directedness)

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6.inner peace (freedom from emotional turmoil and stress)

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7.relatedness (including intimate, romantic, and familial relationships)

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8.community (connection to wider social groups)

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9.spirituality (in the broad sense of finding meaning and purpose in life)

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10.pleasure (feeling good in the here and now)

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11.creativity (expressing oneself through alternative forms).

Biopsychosocial Model (Engel, 1977)

This model examines: •

Biological

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Psychological

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Social

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The human being is complex and must be understood as a whole There is a relationship between the body, mind and environment Social Exclusion Unit Report (2002) •

Accommodation

factors affecting an individual

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Education, Training and Employment

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Children and Families

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Finance, Benefit and Debt

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Attitudes, Thinking and Behaviour

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Drugs and Alcohol

Mental and Physical Health History of Rehabilitation •

Nothing works’ (Martinson, 1974)

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There was a shift from rehabilitation to punitive measures

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Poor methodology of study

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Other studies showed more positive results (Andrews et al., 1990)

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‘What Works’ literature

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Risk classification

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Criminogenic needs

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Responsivity

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Community base

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Treatment modality

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Programme integrity

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Evidence based interventions offered within the CJS

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Designed to target specific criminogenic needs

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Delivered to groups of offenders shown to have the specific needs the programme addresses

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Clinical input provided by Forensic Psychologists to maintain integrity

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Accreditation process

In Prison Service OBPs are the most frequently used method – 1)

Developed based on theory and research

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Abide by What Works principles

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Can be monitored for programme integrity

These are more cost-effective than 1:1 interventions, allows for large scale evaluation Offender Characteristics Intervention work should be focused on the specific needs of the individual (Howells, 2011)

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Motivation & readiness: Completion rates of offending behaviour programmes positively correlated with offender motivation (Harper & Chitty, 2004)

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Engagement: shown to be a key determinant of outcome (Drieschner & Verschuur, 2010)

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Intellectual Ability

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Literacy skills

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Personality traits

Mental & physical health Facilitator Characteristics •

Therapeutic Alliance; A meta-analysis including twenty-one studies found the therapeutic alliance to have a positive impact on reducing recidivism (Taxman & Ainsworth, 2009).

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Pro-Social Modelling (Tallant, Sambrook & Green, 2008)

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Motivational Interviewing (Tallant, Sambrook & Green, 2008)

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Effective Leadership (Feasey, 2008)

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Working collaboratively (Marshall & Burton, 2010)

The Good Lives Model (Ward, 2002) ▫

We are predisposed to seek ‘Primary goods’

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An individual commits crime because they lack the capabilities to achieve valued outcomes in personally

fulfilling and socially acceptable ways ▫

Considering an offender’s goals and obtaining a good life is playing a greater role in rehabilitation

Approaches to rehabilitation focused on the individual: •

Therapeutic community

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Psychologically Informed Planned Environment (PIPE)

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Personality Disorder Unit (formerly DSPD)

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Personality Disorder Therapeutic Community

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Adapted Therapeutic Community

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Restorative Justice

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Multi Systemic Therapy (MST)...