Report PAD 240 - USEFUL PDF

Preview

Summary

FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE AND POLICY STUDIESDIPLOMA IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONAMTITLE:MONARCHY IS ONE FORM OF GOVERNMENT THAT ABLE TO SURVIVE UNTILTODAY: DESCRIBE ABSOLUTE MONARCHY AND GIVE RELEVANT EXAMPLESPREPARED BY:MOHAMAD AZIM BIN AZHAR 2019804872FATIN UMAIRAH BINTI ABDULLAH 2019452982STE...

Description

FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE AND POLICY STUDIES DIPLOMA IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AM110

TITLE: MONARCHY IS ONE FORM OF GOVERNMENT THAT ABLE TO SURVIVE UNTIL TODAY: DESCRIBE ABSOLUTE MONARCHY AND GIVE RELEVANT EXAMPLES

PREPARED BY: MOHAMAD AZIM BIN AZHAR

2019804872

FATIN UMAIRAH BINTI ABDULLAH

2019452982

STEPHANIE SUNGAU ANAK LUGO

2019413304

IZAMIRA HAZWANI BINTI YAZID

2019215304

HANISAH ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD RAZI

2019202036

KHALISH FARIHA MELATI BINTI MASROM

2019647476

MANSOR HAZIQ BIN ALI JA

2019670598

PREPARED FOR: DR. ARIF AIZUDDIN BIN AZLAN

DATE OF SUBMISSION: WEEK 10

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY..........................................................................2 DESCRIBE ABSOLUTE MONARCHY.........................................................................................4 DEFINITION............................................................................................................................. 4 HISTORY................................................................................................................................. 4 HOW DOES ABSOLUTE MONARCHY GET POWERS?.........................................................6 ADVANTAGES OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY.............................................................................7 DISADVANTAGES OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY.......................................................................9 RELEVANT EXAMPLE OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY...............................................................12 ABSOLUTE MONARCHY – BRUNEI.....................................................................................12 ABSOLUTE MONARCHY – QATAR.......................................................................................14 ABSOLUTE MONARCHY – SAUDI ARABIA..........................................................................15 CONCLUSION OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY...........................................................................17 REFERENCE............................................................................................................................ 18

1

INTRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY An Absolute Monarchy is a form of government that was prevalent until the end of the 18th century and throughout medieval Europe. It included an all-powerful king or queen ruling over society. In all facts of society, including political influence, finance, and all forms of authority, the monarch had full control. With the addition of feudalism, which involved people being placed in different states of power, such as clergy, nobility and peasants, the monarch was able to maintain absolute control over society. In the words of Louis XIV in France, when he proclaimed 'I am the state', an absolute monarchy can best be seen. At that time, Louis XIV, who ruled France as a monarch from 1661 to 1715, expressed his absolute control over society by stating that he ruled all aspects of the nation and was therefore the state's highest and most powerful authority. There were often two key characteristics of absolute monarchies: hereditary rules and the divine right of kings. Hereditary rule meant that because of their birth and as one in a long family line of monarchs, the monarch received their position. The practice of the divine right of kings was also included in medieval European absolute monarchs, meaning that the monarch derived his or her power from God. The Enlightenment and its ideals of liberty had a major impact on absolute monarchs' ability to continue to rule as they had. The traditional authority and right to rule of monarchs were questioned by influential Enlightenment thinkers, and a wave of change began across much of the Western world, including the birth of capitalism and democracy. Today, with an absolute monarch, very few nations continue to exist, but a few examples remain, such as Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Brunei. With the abdication of former Spanish King Juan Carlos I and the ascension of his son, Felipe (Philip) VI, the institution of the monarchy has recently returned to the news. In places as far apart as Thailand, Bhutan, Belgium, Morocco, and Saudi Arabia, monarchies elsewhere in the world still make the news and shape events. Monarchies seem to be purposeless, antiquated relics to many 2

contemporary readers, anachronisms that should eventually give way to republics. Nothing may, on the contrary, be further from the facts. Monarchies, also in the 21st century, have an incredibly important role to play. If anything, they should be added to their number instead of subtracted from it. To understand why without resorting to the tautology that countries should be democracies because they should be democracies, it is important to consider the merits of the monarchy critically. In a way that duly elected officials do not and do not, monarchs serve the entire world. The choice of the highest political position in a monarchy may not be influenced by wealth, the media, or a political party, or in a sense beholden to them. It is closely linked to the previous argument that the presence of a king is often the only thing in fake countries like Thailand that keeps the nation back from the brink of civil war. In multiethnic countries such as Belgium, monarchs are particularly significant because the monarchy institution unites disparate and often hostile ethnic groups under a common allegiance to the monarch rather than to an ethnic or tribal group. A big, prosperous country was kept together by the Habsburg dynasty, which rapidly balkanized into almost a dozen states with little influence without it. If after the overthrow of the Taliban in 2001, the restoration of the former king of Afghanistan, Zahir Shah, widely revered by all Afghans, had taken place, maybe Afghanistan would have risen faster than the factionalism and competition between different warlords. Monarchies stop the rise of radical forms of government by fixing the mode of government in their countries. All political leaders must behave as prime ministers or the ruler's ministers. Even if real power rests with these people, the presence of a ruler makes it impossible to reform the politics of a nation drastically or entirely. In Cambodia, Jordan, and Morocco, the involvement of kings is holding back the worst and most violent impulses of political leaders or groups in their countries. Monarchy also stabilizes nations by facilitating steady, gradual reform in the nature of governments instead of drastic swings. The Arab states' monarchies have developed communities that are far more stable than non-monarchic Arab states, many of which have experienced such seismic shifts over the course of the Arab Spring. 3

DESCRIBE ABSOLUTE MONARCHY DEFINITION Absolutism is defined by a political theory that absolute power should be vested in one or more rulers. Meanwhile, monarchy means undivided rule or absolute sovereignty by a single person. That means, absolute monarchy is the state that ruled by one person — a monarch, usually a king or a queen — whose actions are restricted neither by written law nor by custom; a system that definitely different from a constitutional monarchy and from a republic. The monarchy becomes the head of the family. It's passed on from generation as a family inheritance. The ultimate advantage of the king is that his authority is limitless and hereditary, and that he is the supreme chief. In the 17th century, the absolute monarchy was created. The King or Queen is the only one who can hold on to all power and decisions. People have no freedom and no right to vote or to be part of the political process, elections or decisions. Absolute monarchy is organized by nothing at all. It has no rules, no constitution or legally organized opposition. HISTORY Absolutism, the political theory and practice of unlimited centralized power and absolute sovereignty, particularly of a monarch or a dictator. The nature of the absolutism regime is that the governing power is not subject to special challenge or control by any other body, whether judicial, legislative, religious, economic or electoral. Absolutism has existed in numerous ways around the world, including in Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. 4

The most frequently studied form of absolutism is absolute monarchy, which established in early modern Europe and was concentrated on the powerful individual leaders of the new nation-states formed by the break-up of the mediaeval order. The power of these states was closely related to the power of their rulers; in order to improve both, it was important to eliminate the limitations on centralized government exerted by the Church, the feudal lords and the mediaeval customary law. By claiming absolute authority of the State against those former limitations, the king, as Head of State, asserted absolute authority of his own. This included a society governed by an all-powerful head of state. The monarch had full influence over all aspects of society, including political power, economics and all forms of power. With the addition of feudalism, the king was able to retain total influence over society, which meant citizens being put in various states of authority, such as clergy, nobility and peasants. The absolute monarchy is clearly seen in the words of Louis XIV in France when he declared "I am the State." Louis XIV, who governed France as a monarch from 1661 to 1715, expressed his absolute dominance over society at the time by declaring that he ruled over all facets of the country and was thus the highest and most dominant authority of the state. The most famous shield of monarchic absolutism, known as the doctrine of the divine right of kings, argued that kings derived their power from God. Even tyrannical rule may explain this view as divinely imposed punishment, enforced by rulers, for human sinfulness. In its roots, the divine-right theory can be traced back to the mediaeval conception of God's bestowal of temporal power on the political ruler, while spiritual power has been granted to the head of the Roman Catholic Church. The new national monarchs, however, exercised their supremacy in all matters and continued to become heads of both church and state, as did King Henry VIII when he became leader of the newly-created Church of England in the 16th century. Their power was absolute in a way that was difficult to achieve for mediaeval monarchs who were challenged by a church that was effectively a competing center of authority. 5

HOW DOES ABSOLUTE MONARCHY GET POWERS? Absolute monarchies also had two main characteristics: hereditary rule and the divine right of kings. Hereditary rule meant that the king had earned his position because of his birth and as one of a long family line of monarchs. In addition, the mediaeval European absolute monarchs included the tradition of the divine right of kings, meaning that the monarch had derived his authority from God. This strengthened the power of the monarch, since it ensured that the king or queen had no power from the people, and thus the people had no power or control over the rule of the monarchs. The Liberalism and its ideals of freedom have had a great impact on the desire of absolute monarchs to continue to rule as they did. Influential Enlightenment philosophers challenged the traditional authority and right to rule of the monarchs and started a process of reform across most of the Western world, including the birth of capitalism and democracy. Nowadays, only few nations still exist with an absolute monarch, although a few examples remain, such as Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Brunei.

6

ADVANTAGES OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY Monarchy is probably the oldest form of government and organization that most states have taken during the greater part of human history. It has usually been accompanied by the belief that the monarch is divine in nature or that he rules as an agent of the gods or rules by divine right. It has been upheld by marrying writers, especially in the medieval and early modern period, as the natural and the best form of government. Monarchy also has been upheld because it possesses simplicity of organization and is adapted to prompt and energetic action and consistent and also continuous policy. Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch holds supreme autocratic authority, principally not being restricted by written laws, legislature or customs. These are often hereditary monarchies. In contrast, in constitutional monarchies, the head of state’s authority derives from or is legally bound or restricted by a constitution or legislature. It is also the head of the government which the monarch exercises ultimate governing authority. Although, His or Her powers are not limited by the constitution or by the law. There are several advantages of absolute monarchy. Firstly, the advantages of absolute monarchy are it allows for quicker decision to be made. The monarch has authority over his land and other people. They don’t hear advisers when it involves in making decisions. Yes, they will have people that help them out ultimately, they ultimate say lies with them. Some favor this type of state because it might reduce squabbling over what is right and what is wrong. With this sort of leadership, decision is made as soon as possible and not drag on for years. Having too many of us involved within the decision-making process hinders progress because there’s certain to be disagreements over terms. The people went answers to problems and sometimes, having this absolute monarch decides these matters allows for a quicker run through all the problems that require to be addressed. Other than that, the advantages of absolute monarchy are the government can operate independently of the monarchy in some structures. Although the constitutional version of a monarchy can grant almost unlimited powers to the leadership, most of those government conceive to give only a reserve power to the present person or family. This process is what 7

creates the top of state position, allowing the sovereign to serve in an ambassadorial role instead. There is still the authority to request revisions on any legislative agenda that they feel is unsuitable. It is a process which will also maintain the authority of the government during a leadership transition that extends beyond the natural lineage. In an emergency, constitutional monarchies even provide a secondary layer of leadership that keeps the government operating while remaining helpful in its oversight role. Thirdly, the advantages of absolute monarchy are it makes it easier to make rules. There's only one guy in an absolute monarchy who gets to make the decisions. An absolute ruler may order to get this one when there are laws to be made to assist the people. In essence, this would make them more grateful that their needs are met within the shortest time possible. Next, it also allows for preparation and achieving long-term targets. A monarch rules a lifetime. Intrinsically for the long run, they create arrangements. In another way, this can be good for the state because unlike when some other person takes office and chooses to not follow the initiative because it is not a part of their agenda, it will not certainly be scrapped. For a monarch, as they rule forever, problems that occur during their rule have a robust change of being resolved. Besides that, the advantages of absolute monarchy are it reduce the levels of political divide in a country. The political debate that takes place inside a homeland is reduced by monarchical regimes. There are still fierce assemblages pushing clear goals, but the separate houses of government do not see the same kind of gridlock as in other methods. In most monarchies, it is the ruler who will have the ultimate say on all matters within the government's executive, judicial, and legislative branches. That requires the elected officials to recommend the strategies that fall in line with what the sovereignty desires. In conclusion, an absolute monarchy is a government structure that pre-dates nations and territorial states. Since a constitution, or even a nation, it is not necessary since this ruling approach requires a single person, the sovereign can bind separate territories to create political legitimacy. Thus, Monarchy is very well-known political structure synonymous with countries such as the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and many others. A ruler, who can be a king, queen, prince or even a sultan, rules the country in this kind of structure. The second form is the elective monarchy and the king was elected by citizens there. There is also another form of classification of this political structure in which the monarchy may be absolute or constitutional. However, to truly understand what monarchy really means it is needed to delve in the early beginnings of this political system where monarchs were treated even like gods. 8

DISADVANTAGES OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY A monarchy is a system of government in which a single individual, designated as a king, acts as the head of state unless he wishes to abdicate or die. The regulating powers of this person can be solely ceremonial, selective or entirely autocratic, providing that the administrative, legislative and executive powers are all at their disposal. Many monarchies are generational, allowing separate generations to take over from their parents and rule over a country. There are self-proclaimed and elective forms of this mode of government, but these alternatives are rare. The authorities shall be declared in the same manner as the whole system, respecting the various names, insignia and seats which are attached to a particular region or jurisdiction. In conclusion, the absolute monarchy system also has its disadvantages in its system of government. 1. Monarchies can require minors to serve as heads of state for their country. Since the monarchy also uses family lineage as a designation of who will take over the throne, there are various occasions in history in which children have been put in this position. This downside also existed in the modern period. The final emperor of China before the Communist takeover was just two years old when he came to that position. At just 17 months, Tahiti installed King Pomare III in that position. There are also younger examples, such as King Sobhuza II of Swaziland, who became monarch at just four months of age. He'd go on to reign for 82 years. Even England was not resistant to this dilemma, crowned by King Henry VI when he was only eight months old. When children at this age become kings, regents are required to assist the government. The people of a country generally have no say over who is elected to that position, making the line of succession less effective than it should have been. 2. There is no guarantee of the ability of the leadership The new rulers of the kingdom emerge from the line of succession. This method is generally focused on family lineage, but certain representatives may nominate a particular person if they do not leave any heirs. This suggests that certain citizens should be educated in leadership at an early age so that they are able to rise to the throne, although that advantage is not always 9

available. You will train certain people to be elected officials, and you can make them struggle. Others may not even want to be in charge in the first place. Monarchy needs a single person to rule the whole country for as long as he or she lives. This means that the masses do not have the power to remove him or her from the leadership even if it does not function accordingly. If there is apathy within the monarchy, the nation will suffer. This one leader plays an integral role in the entire governance process as it is part of the executive, legislative and judicial branches. This disadvantage is so strong that it has forced governments to collapse in the past. 3. Difficult to stop the monarchy's powers The head of state has absolute control of the ...