Retailing includes all the activities involved in selling products or services directly to final consumers for their PDF

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Retailing includes all the activities involved in selling products or services directly to final consumers for their, personal nonbusiness use. Retailers are businesses whose sales are primarily from retailing. - Many apply Shopper marketing: focusing the entire marketing process into turning shoppers into buyers as they approach the point of sale, whether in store online or mobile shopping. Shopper marketing is different from normal marketing as it usually focuses around the shopping process itself. - Today’s consumers are increasingly omni-channel buyers who make little distinction between buying in-store or online. Omni-channel retailing creates a seamless cross-channel buying experience that integrates in-store, online and mobile marketing shopping. Below you can see some examples of the types of retailers as well as the categories of service that they can provide

And the services: - Self service retailers: serve customers who are willing to perform their own locate-compare-select process to save time or money (For example, IKEA) - Limited service retailers: provide more sales assistance because they carry more shopping

goods about which customers need information. Higher operating costs results in higher prices - Full-service retailers: Assist customers in every phase of the shopping process. Specialty goods. Apart from different types of retailers, there are also multiple organizational forms for them, listed below.

Wholesaling includes all the activities involved in selling goods and services to those buying them for resale or business use. Firms engaged primarily in wholesaling activities are called wholesalers. A producer would use wholesalers rather than selling directly to retailers or consumers because wholesalers add value by performing one or more of the following channel functions:  Selling and promoting: help manufacturers reach many small customers at a low cost  Buying and assortment building: wholesalers can select and build assortments based on their customer’s needs.  Bulk breaking: can save customers money by buying in extremely large amounts and breaking them down into smaller, but still relatively big amounts.  Warehousing: wholesalers hold relatively large amounts of stock, thereby reducing inventory costs for retailers.

 Transportation: Wholesalers can provide quicker delivery as they are closer to the retailer than producers.  Financing (fuck finance 1): wholesalers can absorb risk by taking title and bearing the cost of giving their customers credit, and finance their suppliers by ordering early and paying bills on time.  Risk bearing: wholesalers absorb risk by taking title and bearing the cost of theft, damage, spoilage and obsolescence.  Market information: Wholesalers can provide information to customers about new products, competitors and price developments and other useful information that is not directly available to retailers.  Management services and advice: wholesalers can setup their business in such a way that they can improve store layouts for retailers, train their service clerks on being knowledgeable on certain items as well as helping with setting up inventory management systems....