Review sheet 3 - Professor Brent Newton PDF

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Professor Brent Newton...

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REVIEW SHEET – CIVIL RIGHTS (CLASS #3) Supreme Court Cases: Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968) (recognizing that the states affected by Brown v. Board had taken too long to meaningfully implement desegregation and that “affirmative” action was required; merely opening doors of “white” schools to black students was not enough to comply with Brown) Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) (upholding federal district court’s order of busing as a proper remedy to desegregate) North Carolina State Board of Education v. Swann (1971) (declaring unconstitutional North Carolina’s anti-busing statute) Milliken v. Bradley (1974) (in a 5-4 decision, with President Nixon’s appointee, Justice William Rehnquist, in the majority, Supreme Court prohibited inter-district busing as a remedy) Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools v. Dowell (1991) (5-4, Supreme Court held that a school district’s “good faith” efforts at implementing Brown v. Board’s ruling over a long period of time was sufficient to end a federal district court’s injunction requiring busing and other “affirmative” action seeking to integrate; such injunctions are not “permanent”) Missouri v. Jenkins (1995) (5-4, Supreme Court reversed a district court’s order requiring inner-city school district to raise taxes to create a well-funded “magnet” school intended to attract white students from the suburbs) ADD: Rodriguez v. San Antonio Independent School District (1973) (5-4, Supreme Court held that a state does not violate the Constitution by funding local public education through local property taxes, even though doing so results in unequal education for students from poor, typically minority inner-city school districts; also, Court held that there is no federal constitutional right to public education) People, Places, Events, and Concepts to Know: Court-ordered integration of “Ole Miss” (University of Mississippi) by first African-American student, James Meredith (1962) Conflict between Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett & President John F. Kennedy Boston, MA - court-ordered integration of Boston public schools in the early 1972 (South Boston & Roxbury schools) “White Flight” (to the suburbs and private schools) De jure v. de facto discrimination “Re-segregation” (throughout the country, not just in the South) – as many black and Hispanic students today attend “majority-minority” public schools as did black students in 1968; trends show such resegregation increasing in future...