Roman Daily Life Notes PDF

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Lecture 2: Jan 9, 2020: Romans normally had 3 names. praenomen: first name, most of the time is abbreviated, Gaius is abbreviated as C nomen: Second name (family name). cognomen: Extra name, passed down to the children. also an extra honorary name if they did something special, example, the rich, the hero, etc. Lecture 3: Jan 14, 2020: Women took the fathers family name, but instead of ius, it becomes ia, ex. julius becomes julia. Women didnʼt change their name when they got married. Slaves and freemen (freemen were ex-slaves). slaves only had one name but when the master frees him, he takes the name of his master. In roman society there are 4 categories of people: Servi = Slaves Liberti = Freemen (ex-slave) Ingenui = never been slaves. Foreigners = people who arenʼt from rome. Anyone who doesnʼt speak greek is considered a barbarian 3 things that determine status wealth citizenship slaves canʼt be a citizen only an adult male can be a citizen. no foreigners or slaves. Patricians and Plebeians: Patricians were the rich and wealthy. Plebeians were everybody else. All hereditary some plebeian families can be rich and be generals, rulers, etc. someone patricians couldʼve been poor. the only difference is their name. Lecture 4: Jan 16, 2020: Barbarian is someone who doesnʼt speak latin or greek. wealth comes from one place, from land. the only proper source of income. after the second punic war, there was a created middle class, the people who created businesses. so people got money from that. people with the most money like to show off their money, the best way to show that is by joining the cavalry, because people have to buy their own armour. the cavalry requires horses which is expensive to have. So to show off their money, they join the cavalry. The latin word is Equites

senators at the top, senatorial order: Qualifications: have to have held the most important office at rome called the Quaestor. have to have 800,000 sesterces (money) worth of land. Senators were forbidden to have a business. They hired people to run businesses for them. (shady) Equites are normally at the middle, stay out of politics because only way to be involved is to have money from land. They expand and create new businesses trading banking investments Created their own club, it was called the esqurians club Qualifications: 400,000 sesterces (money) worth of land. In order for an esqurian to join the senatorial order would be to get rid of all the businesses and buy land. Known as the “New man” or Novus Homo. Most people in the roman empire lived in extreme poverty. like living in a garbage dump. called Clientes People on top or rich people, were called, Patroni. Lecture 5: Jan 21, 2020: They would be captured in foreign wars. They were treated as property, like a horse or tractor. Things for slaves were getting better and better over the years until they were eventually treated somewhat fair depending on what their jobs were (accountants vs farmers, etc.). hard to generalise their treatment after things improved. Slaves were property and would get an allowance called Peculium Latifundia: Farms created by the romans worked by the slaves. Huge numbers of slaves to keep them running Slaves were sent to the roman mines which were horrific. Factories held slaves for mass production. The conquered slaves from war got the nasty jobs but the others got pretty reasonable jobs. The government owned huge numbers of slaves to help keep the city clean, administration and paperwork, etc. Even people considered to be poor could have multiple slaves Everyone had to have a slave to get by, they were considered a essential. Wealthy people could own thousands of slaves. One guy had 400 in his city house alone. (House was small)

One farm alone had 25,000 slaves alone. City and Home slaves were treated better in general than the country slaves. High skilled slaves are often higher educated than their masters. Especially the greek slaves. Slaves had belts or collars or sometimes the masters name tattooed so they couldnʼt escape. The collars were often made of metal. The belts were usually leather and sewed on. Some of these collars were found as they were made of metal. Slaves who ran away were punished as a theft as they stole themselves, people who harboured them were also charged with theft. If a slave tries to kill their master, then all slaves would be put to death. Lecture 6: Jan 23, 2020: Parts of history include massive slave revolts as there were many more slaves than not. 107 BC 70k slaves on a single farm launched a revolt that lasted for 4 years. Most famous slave revolt was led by Spartacus where Spartacus was a gladiator and between 70k-120k slaves revolted under his command. Will talk about him later In the History section. His army was able to defeat the best roman generals. Romans were just so angry at the fact that they revolted and were good enough to beat the roman armies. Took two armies to conquer them in 71BC and there were only 6000 of them left. They took the 6000 remaining an crucified them along the Via Appia. The dead bodies were a reminder to the slaves not to revolt. The word to free a slave is manumission, the act is called manumit. Manumission, Manumit, is to send someone away by hand or with the hand. Ceremony of freeing a slave. Includes a ceremony where there is paperwork and such. Slave gets a pointy felt hat as a sign of freedom. This hat Is called a pilleus. There are two ways that a slave can be freed legally. One is to become a citizen as you cant be a slave and a citizen at the same time. The other is to be freed by the master but not become a citizen so you are neither a slave anymore or a citizen. They could then become a citizen on their own if they wish. freed menʼs male children can become citizens, but they canʼt. Lecture 7: Jan 28, 2020: Political As the Empire grows, the empire is administered as if it was just a city. Eventually, get an emperor. Cursus honorum Quaestor There are 20 of them Last 1 year Elected (voting on July 1, and take office on Jan 1) Financial officials Age 27-30 Aedile There are 4 of them Elected Look after the city, grain supply and games (responsible for putting the games on) If you hosted a really good game, people will remember your name and it will become

advantageous when running for Consul Praetor There are 8 1 year Elected Judicial – judges, run courts Propraetor (provincial governors) - picked by lot Once being Praetor, give option to apply for low level provincial governor Even though picked by lot, it can still be rigged Consul There are only 2 (equal power; one can veto the other) 1 year Elected Military, legislative, administrative, supervisory Generals, run the senate who present legislation and deal with senators, look after quaestors/aedile Age 42 Proconsul (provincial governors) — picked by lot o Important to be governor as it can pay back the debts from time of being Aedile Censor (quinquennalis) Most prestige; control the Roman states function There are only 2 18 months in office Elected every 5th year Conduct census because they have to pay taxes (ensure taxes collected and set tax rate) Tax farmer can charge as much as he wants on top of the state taxes so he can profit Moral oversight of senate Every 5th year, 2 sensors come together and look at members of the senate and senatorial order to look for any scandals and then remove those people from the groups If didnʼt meet the moral obligations, they will be removed Also decide to replace the ones who were removed Senate 600 members Former office holders chosen by censors from Senatorial order Supreme decision making body of Roman state Ratifies elections and laws Lecture 8: Jan 30, 2020: Lictor: the body guard Fasces: an axe Tribune 1 year (start on the 10th of december)

enforce plebeian laws, protect plebeians; can veto elections, laws and decrees of the senate possess sacrosanctitas (Sacrosanctity): you canʼt touch a tribune, (its a crime, penalty is death) elected by plebeians. Duum-/Duoviri The two mayors of every town Pontifex Maximus: priest, religious organisation and pontifex maximus is the leader. Romans had apartment buildings. Most people in cities lived in apartment buildings because of the expense. Apartment buildings is insulae, latin means island -> they were built as city blocks and so referred to as insulae. They were normally built as 5 storeys (max height). One called insula felicles and named after the guy who built it – famous because it was so tall. Main problem with these buildings is that it was built for poor people so they were made of timber and brick. Really cheap ones were made of mud brick so they were burned down or fall down. Cicero is one of the famous politicians – he owned a lot of these apartment buildings. Problem is no artificial light except for fire. Places like this donʼt want fire in them, so the tall ones have a hollow shape in the middle. Windows were on the outside (more expensive) and the cheaper ones are the inside and access the light via hollow courtyards. Courtyards have cisterns to provide access to freshwater. Have shops in the bottom of the apartment – people go in through the back doors. No toilets so everyone have chamber pot and dump it into the toilet on ground floor under the stairs. People were lazy so they dumped it out the windows. The penthouses are the cheapest in the roman apartments due to their layout because of the absence of plumbing and in the summer it gets really hot and then in the winter it is too cold. The nicest ones where they may have an entire floor for the family is the first floor or even second floor, behind the shops. Anybody with money has houses (domus). There are basic types of Roman house is the Pompeian style Lecture 9: Feb 4, 2020: Rich people would have shop in front, atrium is much higher, 3 cubicula (instead of 2 on each side), balcony that runs around the top, have rooms at top where the slaves would live, the back doesnʼt have a hortus but a viridarium which is a pleasure garden. The back can have extra room and can have summer garden called exedra. Peristylium – the columns that goes around, for people to walk vestibulum, which can hang your coats then have the fauces following. Viridarium – green garden; pleasure garden Triclinium – dining room; 3 dining rooms Latrina – inside the culina is the toilet

Conclave/forica – public toilets Lecture 10: Feb 11, 2020: Impluvium: pool in the middle of the atrium (courtyard). Compluvium is the hole on the roof. Tablinum: Office. Triclinium: Dining room. Andron: Path to go around Culina: Kitchen Latrina: Private toilets. Forica: Public Toilets (in the kitchen) Peristylium: Walkway that goes around surrounded by columns. (garden) Hortus: Working garden (farms) Viridarium: pleasure garden. Lecture 11: Feb 13, 2020: Subligar: Underwear, made from leather or wool. Tunica Intima: Undershirt Latus Clavus: Senator, wore special tunics, had two wide purple stripes in the front. Angustus Clavus: Equestrian (businessman), wore two narrow purple stripes in the front. Calcei: Formal shoes, only worn with a toga, outdoors only. Sandalia: Informal everyday shoes, sanders, closed toe shoes with an opening in the back. Soleae: Like slippers, mostly worn indoors. Lecture 12: Feb 25, 2020: Toga: traditional clothing for men, made out of wool, 18 feet long and 7 feet wide, shaped like a semi-circle. umbo: The front droop of the toga. Sinus: Sweepy bit you can make as a pocket. Toga virilis: Worn by adult males, given to males when they become “adults” Toga Pulla: Dark Toga, people would wear in mourning or in a court case. Toga Candida: Bleached, white togas, only worn by people who are running for office. Candidatus: People running for office. (candidate) Toga Praetexta: Toga with the purple stripes, only worn by people of the highest ranking, Priests, Praetors, Consuls. Sensors, Honorius: Emperor banned pants in rome, he also banned fancy boots. Womens Clothing: Strophium/Mamillare: Bras for women. Peplos: Women tunics, the peplos has a v-neck on the front and the two broaches on the shoulders. Chiton: Also women tunics, (more roman), its not sown up at the top, has buttons at the sides to tie it up. Stola: A bleached white peplos, worn overtop of the chiton.

Matrons: A married woman. Palla: Cloak to cover the head (cloak for women). Pallium: Like a coat (cloak for men) Petasus: Wide brim hat that men wore. Lecture 14: Mar 3, 2020: KAL = KALENDS – the First of Each month NON = NONES - was the 5th of each month/ but the 7th in March, July, Oct and May ID = IDES - was the 13th of each month/ but the 15h in March, July, October, May PR/PRID = PRIDIE (‘THE DAY BEFOREʼ) ‘XVIII kal. Aug.ʼ = ‘18 days before the kalends of Augustʼ ‘prid. kal. Aug.ʼ = ‘the day before the kalends of Augustʼ ‘III non. Iul.ʼ = ‘three days before the nones of Julyʼ ‘id. Mart.ʼ = ‘the ides of Marchʼ ‘kal. Dec.ʼ = ‘the kalends of December Lecture 15: Mar 5, 2020: Venatio: Latin word for Hunt Ludi: Gladiator training schools, the games, 4 main Ludi in Rome. Lanista: Teaches gladiators how to fight, could be independence, owner himself, own some of the Gladiators – depending on social status, would usually be a former Gladiator himself Familia: Group of Gladiators Gladius: A gladiators sword Bestiarii: Wild beast hunters or wild animal hunters. Rudis: Would be up to the master, could be freed, or pay for his freedom, sign of retirement for Gladiators was to be presented with a Rudis (wooden sword) Editor: In the Gladiatorial fight, if one is injured, the winning Gladiator will look up at the Editor (the guy who puts on the show, rich guys that owns the Gladiator and so on) to determine does this man live or die? Vela: Like a giant shade. like an umbrella....