Roman Empire PDF

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Summer Session One Online with Coral Norwood...

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Roman Empire/Aeneid Ancient Rome                        

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Small village in Tibur River - North Atlantic to Persian Gulf Regal - monarchical, 7 kings, 1st was Romulus (Etruscans - Tarquins) Republican - state was ruled by 2 electives (Praetors, then consuls [2] - Julius Caesar) Imperial - rise of Roman Empire - Octavian (peace), Nero (cruelest emperor) Inclusion from captured land. Latium = language. Etruscans = religion, alphabet, gladiator combat. Greeks = art, architecture Christianity - Constantine I Founding 8th century BCE (Romulus - raised by shewolf) Punic wars - romans and carthage (phoenicians) Pax Romana - Roman peace (Emperor Augustus - Jesus was born under his rule) Tibierus - Jesus was crucified under his rule Nero - intentional fire? Persecuted Christians. Commits suicide - end of Julio-Claudian dynasty Flavian Dynasty - destruction of second temple in Jerusalem Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius - good emperors Servius Felix - loyal soldier, legionary. Legion, cohort, century - Aquilifer (eagle-bearer) Appenine Mountains Etruscans - native to Italy, live mainly in the North Founded in 753 BC (legend) - Romulus and Remus - demigods by Mars o Romulus kills Remus and establishes Rome Consuls - can be Plebian Senate (no set #, about 300 - for life) Praetor - civil law Tribunes - meant to protect Plebian class (everyone else, nothing to do with money, can be rich or poor) Patrician class (nobles - fathers, aristocracy, upper class) Carthage - North Africa, west of Egypt, close to Sicily o 850 BC o 3 century, has control of Sicily, Rome wants it - first Punic War 20 years, Rome wins Gaul - barbaric, invaders Roman dictator - keep Rome secure in the face of extreme threats and situations - six months at most Hannibal (Carthage) - wants to get back at Rome for first Punic War, crosses the Alps to march into Italy from the North instead of by sea and takes elephants which all die from falls. Carthage wins. Scipio (Roman) - sails to North Africa and attacks Carthage itself to get Hannibal away from Italy, it works. Rome wins second Punic War. 150s BC Carthage as Rome for help, the oblige and send Cato who goes and finds a thriving city and goes back to Rome worried that they are going to start another war. "I believe Carthage must be destroyed." Rome demands Carthage prove loyalty. They say no. Rome attacks, 3 year siege, much shorter. Rome wins. Historian Plebius is there and records the events and Scipio's flash of empathy as he watches Carthage in flames. Internal threats handled, now external threats o Class conflict - patricians and plebians

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Slave issues - not race based, mostly foreign war captives. If a slave is set free, they immediately become a citizen with all the rights that come with it. o Management of land o Start seeing reform minded citizens, rich strike back, riots break out 100 BC - Gaius Julius Caesar o Patrician o Julias - Iulus - claims descent from Aenied o Paterfamilias - father of the family at 16 after father died o Nominated to become high priest of Jupiter - political appointment o Loses this office, stripped of land, loses wife's dowry o No longer priest, turns to military career o Known for speeches, high pitched voice o Kidnapped pirates, promises to capture and crucify them, ransom is paid for him, he is set free, and keeps good on his promise o Cicero - consul at 42, youngest o Crassus.- politician, guarantees Julius' debts because sees him as useful in the future o Pompey - military man, gets him and Crassus to get him elected to consul, it works o Triumvirate - three man team - rule Rome - Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey o Crassus and Pompey corruptly get elected as consuls o Crushes Gaul, Senate do not like him on his way back because he was a consul who acted more like a tribune - as he heads back with more wealth, they see him as a dictator o Starts a civil war as he enters Rome with the entire army that Pompey warned him against Pharsalus - battle between Pompey and Caesar - Pompey flees o Caesar is proclaimed dictator by Senate, but then taken back and proclaimed consul Egypt - Ptolemy XIII - 13 years old o Hears Pompey is fleeing there, and they welcome him because they fear Julius more Pompey soon dies before setting foot in Egypt o Caesar is upset that Pompey is killed and orders that Ptolemy and his sister Cleopatra surrender themselves to Egypt and Caesar is to choose which one will rule Egypt under him Triumph - victory parade for conquering hero or king, done for Caesar who is hailed with title Imperator 44 BC agree to make Caesar dictator for life o He wants to be king, Romans don't want this o Allow him to wear a crown outside of Rome Marcus Brutus and Cassius head conspiracy to murder Caesar Caesar's will includes a huge amount to go to people of Rome, the people who receive this money see his mutilated body and they riot. Also included heir, Octavian - his great nephew o First emperor o Sickly child, no military or political experience o Antony is resentful of him, he thought he would be named heir o Octavian works to become suitable successor o Antony and Lepidus, form triumvirate Antony and Cleopatra - real love and political move 31 BC - battle of Actium o Naval - west coast of Greece - fleets of Antony and Cleopatra against Octavian o Both commit suicide before Octavian arrives Octavian declares Pax Romana - peace of Rome

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Compromise - Octavian gives over powers, Republic still in full force. Senators ask him to take up powers again and grant title of Imperator, becomes Octavian Augustus Caesar Claims to have title of emperor, but not the power…oppositive is true - generally accepted as first emperor of Rome Princeps - first citizen Augustus Caesar criminalized adultery Adopts stepson Tiberius

Aeneid  Epic - secondary epic - not told by the people that are in it unlike Odyssey and Gilgamesh  Story of Trojan War - Virgil is Roman though, not Greek. Writing 1000 from the time of Trojan war, taking stories from the war and adapting for Rome by flipping it to hear the other side of the story and get the Trojan side  Literary epic, did not have oral component  Purpose - Augustus commissions Virgil to write this, he is already known for his poetry o Wants to legitimize his reign  Takes about 10 years to write  Requests that servants destroy manuscript  Is this an epic or primarily work of politics? Aeneid Book I  7 years after fall of Troy, Odysseus is on Calypso  Aeneas - not technically Trojan, actually just an ally. Demigod - goddess Venus (equivalent to Aphrodite)  Major gods are Juno and Venus  Queen of Heaven - Juno - equivalent of Hera, sister-wife of Zeus, plays the role of Poseidon divine adversary  Venus plays the same role as Athena  Carthage - favored by Juno - Hates Aeneas because of Judgement of Paris  Neptune = Poseidon  Ascanius = Ilus, Aeneas' son  Priorities - god, people, things  Cupid - Venus' son - more sexual love Aeneid Book II & III  The story of the fall of Troy told by Aeneas  Laocoon - a priest  Ulysses = Odysseus  Sinon = liar...