Roy Dixon HIST 3513 Warfare 1 PDF

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Final Exam---Warfare...

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Roy Dixon HIST 3513 WARFARE Dr. Davies Final Exam

Fall 2016

Why are Montecuccoli, Vauban, and James Bruce considered major contributors to the development of European “military science”? Montecuccoli: The Italian-born Austrian field marshal Raimondo Montecuccoli (1609-1680) was one of the most influential practitioners and theorists in the late [17.sup.th] century. He was one of the first who tried to explain warfare "scientifically." He also observed that war was the most important of all sciences and arts and that like all sciences, the science of war aims to reduce experiences to universal and fundamental rules. this direction was misguided. 5. Montecuccoli also wrote that "[H]aving considered the entire range of world history, I dare to say that I have not found a single notable military exploit which would not fit in with these rules. He was also an Italian condottiere whose long and varied career encompassed more than five decades of continual military conflict.1 To his contemporaries Montecuccoli was known as the general who defeated the Turks at St. Gotthard in 1664 and successfully dueled the renowned Frenchman, Henri de Turenne, on the Rhine in 1673 and 1675. Like his contemporaries who were searching for fundamental laws in physics, astronomy, and biology, Montecuccoli was searching for hard and fast rules of 1

warfare — rules that are inherent in generalship regardless of time and weaponry. "Instead of subscribing to the copy-a-greatmodel tradition, the apprentice-master relationship, he endeavored to lay down laws on an empirical basis." Barker suggests, although does not specifically say that Montecuccoli is the Bacon of warfare. Montecuccoli's enduring reputation has been based largely on the prominence that he achieved as a military theoretician. Military historians have regarded him as one of the pioneers in the development of the modern science of warfare. His most significant work, completed in 1670 and entitled Delia guerra col Τurco in Ungheria, contained an analysis of the campaigns fought against the Turks between 1661 and 1664, around which he constructed a complete theory of the art of war and attempted to demonstrate its possible application to future conflicts in Hungary. Vauban: Shared similar views like Raimondo Montecuccoli, and played a central part in reducing the defense’s dominance while setting the stage for a Military Enlightenment later in the century. Although Vauban demonstrated great skill at siegecraft and fortification, he also made a blunder by endorsing Louis XIV's fruitless quest for hegemony, which bankrupted the most powerful state in Europe. This in and of itself plainly shows that ‘Strategic thought is not scientific.’ Historically speaking, Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633– 1707) is primarily famous not only as the inventor of skillful and carefully designed siege systems, but also as one of the most 2

prominent fortification designers, who, thanks to his innovations and the doctrine of construction of effectively defended fortifications, excelled as one of the most significant military engineers of the period. Apart from introducing some new ideas and variations of the established manner of fortress building, Vauban is considered the first military engineer to have designed a fortress adjusted to the terrain. Respecting the symmetry inspired by classical principles of the aesthetics that governed the fortress design of the time, in the words of Christopher Duffy, “Vauban’s fortress stretches over a wavy terrain, encompassing it as though ‘embracing it” (Duffy 1985: 82–84). By skillful application of geometrical principles and geometrical constructions, Vauban achieved not only the capacity for effective defense in the fortresses he designed, but a certain artistic quality as well, which most likely was not even deliberate, so that many historians and biographers of today consider him not only an architect, but an artist as well. Thus, the famous architect Jean Nouvel noticed that ‘Vauban’s fortresses were the early form of land-art and morphing’, without (Vauban) being aware of it. As a student, excelling at mathematics and technical drawing, Vauban was considerably influenced by Rene Descartes, which led him to pay special attention to geometrical principles in fortress design. The procedure which brought him architectural renown strikes a fine balance between linear and nesting geometry (Helie 2009). Although Vauban did not invent the star fortress, he used it widely and developed its form to functional 3

perfection. The improvements he introduced in fortress design were based on several innovations: 1. 1. application of the star-fortress form, whenever the conditions of the terrain allowed it; 2. 2. adjustment of the geometry of the fortress to the terrain; 3. 3. a geometrical approach to positioning and shaping of bastions, which introduced certain changes in the scheme and construction of distances between the primary points of the master line; 4. 4. remodelling the outworks: placing tenailles in front of the curtain, with ravelins and redoubts in front of them; 5. 5. principles of construction and positioning of military facilities within the fortification, among other things suggesting that special purpose facilities (powder magazines, mills, stockrooms) be placed in the heart of the bastion. 4

James Bruce: He participated in the Crimean (1687, 1689) and Azov campaigns (1695–1696) of Peter the Great against the Ottoman Empire during the Russo–Turkish War. During the Great Northern War Bruce was appointed major-general of artillery. He was involved in the revival of Russian artillery, which had been lost to the Swedish forces along with its commander, Prince Alexander of Imereti at Narva in 1700. He was commander of artillery in the Battle of Poltava (1709), for which he was made a knight of the Order of St Andrew. In 1721, he became one of the first Russian counts. Bruce was one of the best educated people in Russia at the time, a naturalist and astronomer. In 1702, he founded the first Russian observatory; it was located in Moscow in the upper story of the Sukharev Tower. Bruce's scientific library of more than 1,500 volumes, compiled in the 1730s, became a substantial part of the Russian Academy of Sciences library. Among Muscovites, Bruce gained fame as an alchemist and magician, due in part to the innovative design of the Sukharev Tower, which was very unusual in 18th century Moscow. 1726 retired with rank of field marshal. Known as the most enlightened man in Russia, he possessed a rich library in 14 languages, and collection of “curiosities”. J.D. Bruce took pride in Scottish ancestry and corresponded with Jacobite kinsmen. Knight of the Order of St Andrew, and President of the College of Mining and Manufacture Iakov Vilimovich Brius

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[James Daniel Bruce], creating him Count of the Russian Empire with his own arms, in Russian, signed in Cyrillic 'Petr'. Key Words: o In the 19th century, manifest destiny was a widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America. There are three basic themes to manifest destiny:  The special virtues of the American people and their institutions  The mission of the United States to redeem and remake the west in the image of agrarian America  An irresistible destiny to accomplish this essential duty o The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War. The treaty set the boundaries between the British Empire and the new country, on lines "exceedingly generous" to the United States.[2] Details included fishing rights and restoration of property and prisoners of war. o Only Article 1 of the treaty, which is the legal underpinning of United States' existence as a sovereign country, remains in force o The Trail of Tears was a series of forced removals of Native American nations from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States to an area west of the Mississippi River that had been designated as Native 6

Territory. The forced relocations were carried out by various government authorities following the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830. The relocated people suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while en route, and more than four thousand died before reaching their various destinations. The removal included members of the Cherokee, Muscogee, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations. The phrase "Trail of Tears" originated from a description of the removal of the Cherokee Nation in 1838 o The Indian Removal Act was passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, who signed it into law two days later. The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands.[1][2][3] o The act enjoyed strong support from the non-Indian peoples of the South, who were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the southeastern tribes. Christian missionaries protested against the law's passage. o The Seven Years' War was a war fought between 1754 and 1763, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. It involved every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, spanning five continents, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain on one side and the Kingdom of France on the other. For the first time, aiming to curtail Britain's and Prussia's ever-growing 7

might, France formed a grand coalition of its own, which ended with failure as Britain rose as the world's predominant power, altering the European balance of power. o The French Revolution is a poem written by William Blake in 1791. It was intended to be seven books in length, but only one book survives. In that book, Blake describes the problems of the French monarchy and seeks the destruction of the Bastille in the name of Freedom.

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