RPH L3 - Lecture notes 3 PDF

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THE AGUINALDO DICTATORSHIP Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista – adviser of Aguinaldo; convinced Aguinaldo to establish a dictatorial government to prosecute the war against Spain. o May 24, 1898 – Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing a dictatorial government. o Having this government, Aguinaldo deemed it necessary to declare the independence of the Philippines. o Apolinario Mabini [Sublime Paralytic] is the unofficial adviser of Aguinaldo. He objected to the plan and stressed the need to reorganize the government first into one that could prove to foreign powers its independence and stability before declaring independence. But Aguinaldo prevailed over Mabini.

PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE June 12, 1898 – Philippine independence was proclaimed in the presence of a huge crowd at the ancestral home of General Emilio Aguinaldo between four and five in the afternoon in Cavite El Viejo [now known as Kawit]. This was highlighted by the following: ¬ Official Unfurling of the Philippine National Flag [The Philippine flag war first unfurled in the Battle of Alapan. It was sewed in Hong Kong by Doña Marcela Mariño Agoncillo, her daughter Lorenza Agoncillo and the niece of Rizal, Mrs. Delfina Herbosa de Natividad]. READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Page 15 ¬ [The eight rays of the sun signifies the eight provinces: Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan/Tarlac, Laguna and Batangas] Governor Ramon Blanco placed under martial law. ¬ Playing of the Marcha Nacional Filipina [formerly Marcha Filipina Magdalo] by the San Franciso de Malabon marching band as the country’s national anthem. ¬ [Marcha Nacional Filipina was composed by Julian Felipe. The anthem remained without words until toward the end of 1899, Filipinas by Jose Palma was adopted as lyrics.] [In 1896, Bonifacio favored Julio Nakpil’s Marangal na Dalit ng Katagulagan to be the himno nacional.] ¬ Reading of the Act of the Declaration of Philippine Independence which was also written by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista From Dictatorial to Revolutionary Government ♪ June 18 – Aguinaldo issued a decree reorganizing local governments in areas liberated. ♪ The most distinguished persons in each province were asked to take over local governments. ♪ The chiefs of the towns were to elect delegates to the Congress and military commanders who liberated towns became their commissioners. ♪ Mabini became Aguinaldo’s liberal advisor. ♪ By virtue of Decree of June 23, dictatorship was changed to revolutionary government. ♪ Aguinaldo appointed delegates for those provinces not yet pacified. They controlled all of Luzon except Manila. ♪ Aguinaldo chose his cabinet most of whom were ilustrados who had been on the Spanish side. Surrender Negotiations and the Mock Battle of Manila Aguinaldo achieved a complete tight land siege around the Walled City. For the 4th time, Aguinaldo made another demand for the Spanish general to surrender. Augustin was ordered that if it was inevitable to surrender, he should surrender to the Americans, not to the Filipinos. Dewey started negotiating with Augustin with Belgian Consul Andre mediating. Augustin was replaced by Fermin Jaudenes. Dewey and Jaudenes agreed to stage a mock battle on one condition – no Filipino troops would be allowed to enter Manila, clearly an act of betrayal of the Filipinos on the part of the Americans. All along, Aguinaldo and his forces guarded the city, waiting for the Spaniars to give in to hunger and thirst. General Merritt – decided to conduct the “offensive” against Manila. Gen. Francis Greene – commander of the 2nd reinforcement, told Aguinaldo that he and his troops should leave the area free for the foreigners to occupy. Although Aguinaldo showed caution by demanding that this request be made in writing, he gullibly withdrew his troops when Greene promised to grant that request after evacuation but Greene did not fulfill his promise. Aguinaldo and his generals considered the presence of the Americans unnecessary as the Filipinos already have the situation well in hand. However, they did not do anything about it so the Americans were able to place themselves in place. Gen. Anderson – commander of the 1st reinforcements, telegraphed Aguinaldo warning him not to let his troops enter Manila without permission from the American commander or else, they would be shot. READINGS IN PHILIPPINE

HISTORY Page 16 Filipinos fought on the right side of Gen. Arthur MacArthur. Americans started their mock attack with the Filipinos unsuspectingly fighting with all their might. 11:20 a.m. the Spaniards raised the flag of surrender but it was only noticed at noon. By 5 p.m., surrender negotiations were completed. August 14 – the document stating the terms of the surrender was formally signed. Gen. Merritt announced the establishment of Military Government. August 12 – US Pres. McKinley issued a proclamation directing the suspension of all military operations against the Spaniards. This was received by Dewey on August 16. End of Filipino-American Collaboration and Spanish Rule ⎫ Surrender of Manila – ended the Filipino-American collaboration. ⎫ Gen. Diego delos Rios – last Spanish Governor General in the country. ⎫ November 1899 – all Spanish forces in the South were shipped to Spain. The Treaty of Paris of 1898 The Treaty of Paris was concluded on December 10, 1898 and provided for the following: Spain agreed to remove all soldiers from Cuba Spain ceded Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States The US compensated Spain for its losses with a payment of $20 million Ratification of this treaty was not a foregone conclusion in the US Senate. A great debate ensued, pitting imperialists against anti-imperialists. The point of friction is the Philippines, which was deemed by many not to be an area of vital interest to the US. Proponents argued that other powers, probably Germany, would move into the Philippines if America did not. Further, the US had a duty to export its superior democratic institutions to this region – a revival of the old manifest destiny argument. In February 1899, the treaty received the necessary 2/3 ratification approval by a single vote. Finally, the US emerged as a world power. THE MALOLOS CONGRESS ⎫ By virtue of the Decree of June 18, 1898, Aguinaldo called for the election of delegates to the revolutionary Congress which Mabini envisioned to be a mere advisory body of the president. ⎫ The historic Malolos Congress was convened by Aguinaldo at Barasoain Church in Malolos. ⎫ Aguinaldo gave his due respect to the people for their patriotism and heroism and briefed them on their task of writing a constitutiton for the country. ⎫ An election of officers was held and Pedro A. Paterno became the president. ⎫ The Philippine Independence proclaimed in Cavite El Viejo was ratified.

THE DRAFTING OF THE HISTORIC MALOLOS CONSTITUTION Congress – proposed that constitution be drafted, overruling Mabini’s objections. Mabini meritoriously argued that the constitution had to be framed under peaceful conditions but he was outvoted by the majority under Paterno. READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Page 17 Proposed Constitutional Plans: o Mabini’s Constitutional Programme of the Philippine Republic o Paterno Plan [based on the Spanish Constitution] o Calderon Plan [based on the constitutions of France, Belgium, Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Brazil] ⎫ The Calderon Plan was finally used as basis in drafting the Malolos Congress after deliberation. ⎫ The most controversial provision was the Union of the Church and State. ⎫ Delegates strongly opposed the proposal of making Catholicism a state religion. ⎫ November 29, 1898 – the Malolos Congress approved the constitution. ⎫ Malolos Constitution was promulgated on January 21, 1899; Aguinaldo proclaimed it as the fundamental charter of the land. THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC ⎫ On January 23, 1899, the first Philippine Republic was inaugurated in Malolos with Aguinaldo as the first president. ⎫ There are three branches: executive, judicial and legislative. ⎫ Executive was vested in the President and assisted by the Cabinet called Council of the Government ⎫ Legislative was exercised by the unicameral Assembly of Representatives. When the law-making body is not in session, legislative was exercised by a Permanent Commission (7 assemblymen). ⎫ Judicial power was vested in the Supreme Court of Justice. A chief justice selected by the Assembly of Representatives headed this branch. ⎫ Law-making body was more powerful than the executive branch.

THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC AT WORK

Education was one of the concerns. Schools were opened and ₱35,000 was set aside to finance the educational needs of the Malolos Republic. o Primary schools and higher education were established. o War tax was imposed to Filipinos [age of 18 to 60]. o They solicited donations from rich Filipinos and Chinese. o Armed forces were organized but it was ill-trained and ill-equipped o Gaceta de Filipinas [first called El Heraldo de la Revolucion] – newspaper of the Republic. o La Independencia – most famous of private-owned newspapers.

DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITIES OF THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC Philippines did not become a member of the family of nations. This is because no country in the world recognized the Philippines despite diplomatic efforts. ⎫ Felipe Agoncillo – tasked to persuade the US government to recognize the Malolos Republic. ⎫ His efforts proved futile as the United States then had decided to make the Philippines an American territory. ⎫ With the outbreak of the Filipino-American War, the Malolos Republic was destined to die a natural death....