RPH Midterm - Lecture notes 1 PDF

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Summary

LESSON 1:Historyo A happening or a series of happenings o A record of the past made available for the present o Field of study which traces man’s development o List of events as they happen but these should show a pattern on how man and his society has evolved from the primitive form to the present;...

Description

LESSON 1:

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History

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A happening or a series of happenings A record of the past made available for the present Field of study which traces man’s development List of events as they happen but these should show a pattern on how man and his society has evolved from the primitive form to the present; showing his ability to cope with obstacles and challenges that he himself or nature has placed throughout his existence

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Secondary Sources o

Relevance of History o o o o o

History helps us understand people and societies History contributes to moral understanding History provides identity Studying history is essential for good citizenship History is useful in the world of work

letter to the editor expressing the writer’s view laws, ordinances, letters of instructions, decrees maps and atlases books containing direct quotations of the events newspaper articles reporting directly about the event diaries and journals reports eyewitness accounts letter editorials transcripts of records

Made by individuals who were not direct participants to the event or people who got the information from somebody else or from primary sources

EXAMPLES: ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙

textbooks encyclopedia entries magazine articles about a topic teacher’s report on student behavior as reported to school counselors

Types of Historical Sources o o o

Primary Sources Secondary Sources Tertiary Sources

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Also called general references Help point to the reader a primary or secondary source

Primary Sources o o o

Materials which directly point or discusses the subject matter As long as they come from the time period that is being discussed Written or produced by someone with firsthand experience of the event

Source Materials o

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EXAMPLES: ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙

autobiographies speeches essays by persons expressing his own view receipts

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Contemporary source materials: concern events that are current or recent, that is, from the present up to 35 to 49 years Vertical files: a special section in certain libraries which the brochures and souvenir programs were stored in boxes Official gazette: official government publication; contains laws, decrees, letter of instructions and resolutions Congressional records: by the House of Representatives and the senate;

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provide the actual deliberations and debates Rare books: publications in book form that is at least 50 years old and is no longer published Archival documents: refer to public records, papers, periodicals, books or other items, articles or materials whether in the form of electronic audio-visual or print by which their value and characteristics have enduring archival; value that has been selected for permanent preservation

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Baybayin o

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o Philippine National Archives o o o

Main archives of the Philippines PNA’s collection is considered richest in Asia The most important part of the PNA is its Spanish collection comprising of 13 million manuscripts from the 16th to the 19th century

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Internal Criticism o

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Method of determining whether the contents of historical information is accurate Present what the document says

Batis o

In study of Philippine history, sources are characterized as such, i.e. spring of historical information

LESSON 2: Angono Petroglyphs

Ancient Filipino writing found inside a coffin dating back to 1000 AD

Butuan Ivory Seals

External Criticism Examines of the document is genuine or authentic Studies who made the document and when did he do it Determines the purpose for which the document was written

A writing system that was developed with the entry of Indian influence from contacts with certain states Written on delicate materials, such as tree leaves, bark, and bamboo slates Baybayin text was Visayan and it informs the reader that the vessel is a sacred item used in communicating in the spirit world

Butuan Silver Strips

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Pictograms or crude drawings representing animals and other objects Angono Rock Shelter: found in the hills of Angono, Rizal; these are rock overhangs whch provide shelter back in 5000 BCE

Found in a swidden pile in Butuan and is used for trade or to show ownership of items

Laguna Copper Plate o

Found on a riverbed in Lumban, Laguna

* Spanish colonizers arrived like Fr. Francisco Colin who noted most of the population were literate and can read and write in baybayin * Baybayin continued to be used in the religious text like “Doctrina Christiana” which was published by the Dominicans in Manils in 1593

Ambahan o

Still used by natives, such as the Buhid and Hanunuo Mangyans of Mindoro, written on bamboo slates

Jawi System of Writing o

Adopted by the Moros in southern Philippines

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Choice of writing among Tausug and Maguindanao royalty as well as of kings, nobles and religious scholars

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AS SEEN BY FOREIGNERS

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Philippine Islands by Chau Ju Kua o

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The earliest written account about the natives of the Philippines. He narrated about the island of Ma-I which was proven to be the island of Mindoro “The country of Ma-I (Mindoro) is to the north of P’oni (Borneo). Over a thousand families are settled together along both banks of a creek (or gully). The natives cover themselves with a sheet of cotton cloth, or hide the lower part of the body with a sarong. There are bronze images of gods, of unknown origin, scattered about in the grassy wilderness. Pirates seldom come to this country.” “Custom of the trade is for the savage traders to assemble in crowds and carry the goods with the in baskets”

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Islands of Calamian, Busuanga, Palawan (Philippine Islands) o

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San-su (Three Islands) belong to Ma-I and each has its own tribes scattered over the islands. Their customs are about the same as those of Ma-I Hai-tan – another tribe in the remotest valleys. Small in stature. eyes are round and yellow (brown), curly hair, teeth show (between their lips)

Tao-i-chih-lio by Wang Ta-yuan o

San-Tao (Three Islands) – “They are trebly divided like a tripod. There are range upon range of mountains and ridges. The people live along the land. The soil is poor and the crops sparse. The general custom is simple. The climate is rather warm. Among the males and females some are white. The male knots his hair like a fist on the top of the head; the

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female does it up in a mallet-like tress. All wear a single garment. The men frequently get on board junks and come to Chuanchou for business: They often spend all the money.” Ma-yi (Mo-yi) (Mindoro) – “When any woman is burying her husband, she shaves her hair and fasts for seven days, lying beside her dead husband. Most of them nearly die. If any seven days they are not dead, their relatives urge them to eat. Should they get quite well they cherish their chastity by not marrying again during their whole lives. Should they get quite well they cherish their chastity by not marrying again during their whole lives. There are some even, who, when the body of their dead husband is burning, get into the funeral pyre and die. At the burial of a great chief, two or three thousand (sic. Twenty or thirty) male or female slaves are put to death for burying with him.” Min-to-lang (Mindanao) – “Adjacent to the sea, this place is the important gateway. This is a stream connecting with the sea. The water is not salty. The soil is very fertile. The rice and corn are plentiful. The weather is hot. In their customs, they esteem thriftiness. Both men and women do up their hair in a mallet-like tress. They wear short black shirt, and the blue petticoat. The people dig wells for drinking water. They boil seawater to make salt, and ferment rice to make liquor. They have a chief (or chiefs). They prohibit robbery which is punished by putting the robber’s family to death. The natural products are “wull mood”, musk, sandal wood, cotton, and niu-jii leather. The Chinese goods are lacquered-ware copper caldron, Djava (java) cloth, red taffetas, blue cloth, “tou”, tin, wine, and the like.” Mal-li-lu (Manila) – “To reach this place, one has to sail a long a way through a harbor. The mountain is high, and the jagged rocks with salted mud are plenty at seaside. There are very few forests. The fields

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are in the high land and their soil is lean. The people often cultivate potato or taro. The climate is hot. In their customs, they esteem uprightness. If a barbarian official is dead, his wife will not again marry an ordinary person. She can be matched only to someone who is the descendant of some barbarian official of rank and position of another country. Otherwise she will cut off her hair and read religious books for the rest of her life. Both men and women do up their hair in a flat trees. All wear short shirt of blue cloth, and tier around them a red cloth turban. The people boil seawater to make salt, and ferment sugar cane juice to make liquor. They make beds by weaving up pieces of bamboo and burn raw wax for light. The natural products are tortoiseshell, yellow beeswax, la-ka, “Jwubuh”, and kapok. The Chinese goods used in trading are “ting” in standard weight, blue cloth, porcelain water jar of Chu-chou, big pot, iron caldron, and the like.” Pi-sho-ye (Visayas) – “It lies in seclusion in a corner to the east of the sea. The mountain is flat and wild. Fields are scarce. Cultivation is not so much. The climate is doubly hot. Robbery is customary with the people. Both men and women knot their hair in a tress. They use black ink to tattoo their body. They carve on themselves up to the center of the neck. They dress themselves by binding red taffetas and tying around yellow cloth. There is no chief in this country (or state) in their custom, The land produces nothing. The people often wrap up some dry food, and then pole a small boat nobody is there, if they meet any fisher or woodchopper, they frequently catch him alive and bring him home. They sell them to the other countries at the price of two taels’ gold for each person. The people of this country copy each other’s doing and therefore eventually treat this a kind of occupation. Therefore the people of the “East Ocean” are all afraid of

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them and run away when they hear the name of Pi-sho-ye.“ Su-lu (Sulu) – “The Su-lu pearls, which are better than those produced at Sha-li-pa-chou, Ti-sankan, and other places, are white and round. Their price id very high. The Chinese use them for head ornaments. Their color never fades, and so they are considered the most precious rarities. There are some about an inch in diameter. Even in the place of production the large pearls cost over seven or eight hundred “ting”. The medium ones cost two or three hundred “ting”. The small pearls which are worth ten thousand taels and upwards, or from three or four hundred to one thousand taels, come from Tis-sankan of the West or “Western Ocean”; there are none here. The Chinese goods used in trading in here are pure gold, unpure trade silver, Patula cloth, blue beads, Chu earthenware, iron bars, and such like things.”

The Philippine Embassy to China in 1417 o

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During the reign of Emperor Yung Lo in the Ming dynasty, the emperor wanted to impress upon the world the superiority of the civilization to China Believing that the country was the Celestial Empire, Yung Lo wanted that all countries should recognize its superior culture by paying tribute to them Pun Tao Kong – the voyage or fleet that was dispatched to Sulu to demand tribute for China The Tausugs sent an embassy to Yung Lo’s court composed of three Sulu Kings: (a) Paduka Batara, the King of the Eastern kingdom of Sulu; (b) Paduka Prabu, the King of the Mountain Ka-la-ba-ting; and (c) Mahala Chi-h, the King of the Western kingdom This embassy paying tribute to Yung Lo was recorded in the Annals of the Ming or the Ming Shih The Sulu leaders found the missions to be highly profitable as the Chinese

Emperor had to at least double the value of the tribute given by the embassy in order to demonstrate the superiority of the Chinese civilization

THE PHILIPPINES AT THE TIME OF SPANISH CONTACT

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Captain Miguel de Loarca’s Relacion De Las Yslas Filipinas Account of the Filipinos and their Pre-Spanish Civilization (1582) o

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Took account primarily of the Indians and Moros’ practices or customs in the Philippine Islands Described two kinds of people who peacefully live in there are dependent upon each other for their necessities of life: one class includes those who live along the coast and the other those who live in the mountains Larao – this rule requires that when a chief dies all must mourn him, and must observe the following restrictions: - No one shall quarrel with any other during the time of mourning, and especially at the time of the burial. Spears must be carried point downward, and daggers be carried in the belt with hilt reversed - No gala or colored dress shall be worn during that time - No singing on board a barangay when returning to the village. Strict silence shall be maintained Wars – caused by people falling under the two factions. These hostilities were handed down from father to son. Panas – the son of Anoranor, first man who waged war against Mangaran on account of an inheritance Three cases in which natives regard war as just: - When an Indian goes to another village and is there put to death without cause;

When their wives are stolen from them; and, - When they go in friendly manner to trade at any village, and there, under the appearance of friendship, are wronged or maltreated Laws of slavery – No Indian in this country is made a slave or is put to death for any crime which he commits, even if it be theft, adultery, or murder – except that for each crime there is an established fine paid in jewels or gold, and if the culprit is unable to pay the fine, he will borrow the money and pledge himself to become a slave for whom he borrows until he shall repay -

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There are three classes of slaves in these islands: - Ayuey – most thoroughly enslaved and served his bondsman in his own dwelling; - Tumaranpoc (or tumaranpuk) – live in their own houses and obliged to work to their master for a day. Three days for themselves are attributed to cultivate their own fields and give their master a portion of their yield; - Tomatabans (or tumatabang) – work for the master only when there is some banquet or revel Timaguas – are freemen of these islands; they are neither chiefs nor slaves. They live in security and are free to pass from the service of one chief to that of another, whenever they so desire, and without any obstacle being placed in their way

Fr. Juan de Plascencia’s Code on the Ancient Customs of the Tagalog (1589) o

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Aside from the early Spanish officials, Spanish missionaries described in their writings the customs and traditions of Filipinos at the time of Spanish contact Fr. Juan de Plascencia – a Franciscan missionary, linguist and writer. He documented the ancient customs of the Tagalogs

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Datu – is the Chief who governed the people of the islands and led the wars. The subject who committed any offense against them, or spoke but a word to their wives and children, was severely punished Barangay – tribal gathering of people and their houses headed by the Datu Three other castes in the Philippine Islands: - Maharlica – or the nobles who were free-born. They do not pay tax or tribute to the datu, but must accompany him in war at their own expense - Aliping namamahay – they serve their master, whether he be a datu or not, with half of their cultivated lands, as was agreed upon in the beginning. They accompanied him and rowed for him whenever he went beyond the island - Aliping saguiguilid – servant of their master, his house and his cultivated lands, and may be sold. The master grants them, should he see fit, and providing that he has profited through their industry, a portion of their harvests, so they may work faithfully Law and order – Investigations made and sentences passed by the datu must take place in the presence of those of his barangay. If any of the litigants felt himself aggrieved, an arbiter was unanimously named from another village or barangay, whether he a datu or not. If the controversy lay between two chiefs, when they wished to avoid war, they also convoked judges to act as arbiters; they did the same if the disputants belonged to two different barangays They had laws by which they condemned to death a man of low birth who insulted the daughter or wife of a chief, witches and other of the same class. But they condemned no one to slavery, unless he was merited death penalty. As for the witches, they killed them, and their children and accomplices became slaves of the chief, after he had

made some recompense to the injured person. All other offenses were punished by fines in gold, which if not paid with promptness, exposed the culprit to serve, until the payment be made to the person aggrieved

On the Worship of the Tagalogs, their Gods and their Burials and Superstitions o

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In all the villages, or in other parts of the Filipinas Islands, there are no temples consecrated to performing of sacrifices, the adoration of their idols, or the general practice of idolatry They have the habit of offering these animals a portion of what they carried in their boars, by throwing it into the water, or placing it upon the bank. The reasons for offering these sacrifices are the following: - Recovery of sick person - Prosperous voyage - Good harvest in the sowed lands - Propitious result in wars - Successful delivery in childbirth - Happy outcome in married life - Other personal matters Simbahan – this means a temple of place of adoration, but this was formerly considered as a large house of a Chief for celebrating a festival or pandot (“worship”) Bathala – is among the idols they worshipped; signifies “all powerful” or “make of all things” Mapolon – how they call the change of seasons Dian masalanta – the Patron of lovers and of generation Lacapati and Idianale – the Patrons of the cultivated lands and of husbandry

About Catalonans, Mangkukulam and Aswangs o

Catalonan – a priest of the devil that is either a man or a woman

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Mangagauay – or witches, who deceive others by pretending to heal the sick. They even induced maladies by their charms, which in proportion to the strength and efficicacy of the witchcraft, are capable of causing death Manyisalat – they had the power of applying such remedies to lovers that they would abandon and despise their own wives, and in fact could prevent the from having intercourse with the latter Mancocolam – or mangkukulam, whose duty was to emit fire from himself at night, once or oftener each month Hacloban – or hukluban is another kind of witch of greater efficacy than the mangangauay. Without the use of medicine, and by simply saluting or raising the hand, they killed whom they choose....