SMART LIGHTING IN RECREATING URBAN SPACES PDF

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Cairo University Faculty of Engineering Credit Hours System AET / fall 2015 Independent Studies SMART LIGHTING IN RECREATING SPACES Presented To: Dr. Sherien El-Gamaz Presented By: Aya Ezz El-Arab Hagar Shahat Mousa ABSTRACT During the day, the exterior environment is flooded with ambient light from...

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Cairo University Faculty of Engineering Credit Hours System AET / fall 2015 Independent Studies

SMART LIGHTING IN RECREATING SPACES

Presented To: Dr. Sherien El-Gamaz Presented By: Aya Ezz El-Arab Hagar Shahat Mousa

ABSTRACT During the day, the exterior environment is flooded with ambient light from the sun and sky. Not only are light levels high, but the distribution of natural light is somewhat uniform. The nighttime environment is completely different, with a dark sky vault and lots of local man-made light sources. High contrast and the potential for glare are much higher at night, so the nightscape strategies of a city are as important as how it looks like during the daytime. It is becoming more and more significant because it can be treated as a re-introduction of the city during the night. Due to the development of city economy and citizens’ leisure life, people are paying more attention to their nightlife. With appropriate lighting design and illumination systems, a city can draw very impressive pictures as its ‘identification card’ to the whole world. In the world of urbanism, the sense of danger and fear could be a good motive for designers to find new solutions in urban designing. From this point, dead zones and dark waters had been our motive to find ways of their recreation using light to vanish the sense of danger as a major psychological need for users. The main objective of this research is to enhance the use of lighting with its smart technologies in recreation of urban spaces as a way of developing the environment by:    

Using new trends to revive dead zones. Using energy saving technologies. Offering basic needs for the users. Suggesting new developments for this trend to fit Arab countries.

The main expected outcomes are in the form of guidelines to revive and recreate the urban spaces using new technologies of lighting. All the previous will be wrapped in the following key words; nightscape, smart lighting, recreation, environment, technology and light art and design. These keywords will be shown throughout this paper with its various four parts and sections as follows.

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OUTLINE INTRODUCTION PART 1: OVERVIEW ON URBAN SPACES 1.1

Urban spaces 1.1.1 Open urban spaces and their types 1.1.2 Factors affecting open Urban space 1.1.2.1 Environmental and ecological functions 1.1.2.2 Social and societal functions 1.1.2.3 Structural and symbolical functions 1.1.3 Devoid urban space 1.1.3.1 Classification of devoid urban spaces 1.1.3.2 Its impact on people, society and city 1.1.3.3 Recreational of the devoid space: types and ways

1.2

Lighting in public urban spaces 1.2.1 Lighting Technology 1.2.1.1 Traditional techniques 1.2.1.2 Trending and smart techniques 1.2.2 Criteria for light selection 1.2.2.1 Types of luminaires and their applications 1.2.2.2 Direction of light and angles 1.2.2.2.1.1 Direct 1.2.2.2.1.2 Task 1.2.2.2.1.3 Decorative 1.2.2.3 Lighting intensity and hues 1.2.2.4 Lighting distribution design 1.2.3 Design guidelines according to space type 1.2.3.1 Streetscape 1.2.3.2 Wall talk 1.2.3.3 Navigation 1.2.3.4 Zoning of public open urban spaces

1.3

Light and its effect

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1.3.1 Psychological: The Effects of Light and Color on Human Beings 1.3.1.1 Effects of Light Intensity and Distribution 1.3.1.2 Effects of Color 1.3.2 Urban Life: The Effects of Light on Crime Prevention 1.3.2.1 Relation of Lighting and Crime Prevention in Literature

PART 2: STUDIES

ANATOMY

OF

INTERNATIONAL

CASE-

PART 3: APPLICATIONS IN OUR ARAB WORLD PART 4: GUIDELINES AND STRATEGIES Conclusion References

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INTRODUCTION Never expect any significant city to be devoid of desolation and danger but what does danger means to urban lighting designers? At a level, some designers want to exploit darkness from shadowy areas, weedy decay of alleys, vacant sites, derelict buildings, motorways, parks, tunnels and even cuttings while others see that we need to emphasize the dark aspects of human circumstances. For centuries, light had been used as temporary installations whether in festivals, commemorations or even promotions but why not use it as a permanent installment for lighting dead zones and dark waters in an initiative to keep the psychological impact of light on users. This paper will be divided into four major parts; part 1 into sections; Section 1: Urban spaces, Section 2: lighting in public urban spaces, Section 3: lighting effect on users’ psychology. Part 2: anatomy of international and national case studies, part 3: applications in our Arab world, part 4: guidelines and strategies of lighting design in public urban spaces. In section 1 we are going to talk about urban spaces and their types, factors affecting open urban spaces, and devoid spaces. In section 2 we are going to talk about the types of lighting in urban spaces, the traditional technologies and the trending technologies shooting from this point the smart techniques from the vision of shapes, sizes, materials, passive, active, renewable and nonrenewable also this will lead us to the streetscape and their lighting systems mentioning also the effect of lighting for building elevations on the surrounding urban space and the criteria of using lights within urban spaces. In section 3 we are going to emphasize the psychological effect of lighting on the users and how the selection of the color and type would change the moods of the users within a space which shows how light can be influential for your design. This paper should set a finalized matrix or a checklist for specific guidelines to be used whenever lighting design exists for an urban space by categorizing the outcome from the economic, social and environmental points of view. [Jackson, d. (2015)].

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Contents OUTLINE .......................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 4 PART 1: OVERVIEW ON URBAN SPACES ............................................................... 6 1.1

URBAN SPACES ................................................................................................... 7

1.2

Lighting in Public Urban Spaces ........................................................................ 10

1.1.1.1 Types of luminaires and their applications .................................................... 13 1.1.1.2 Direction of Light and Angles ......................................................................... 15 b. Direct ......................................................................................................................... 15 c. Task ........................................................................................................................... 16 d. Decorative ................................................................................................................. 16 PART 2: ANATOMY OF INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL CASE-STUDIES ........................................................................................................................................... 22 Case study 1: high way lighting ...................................................................................... 254 Case study 2: Receptor by Cliff Garten Studio ................................................................. 25 PART 3: APPLICATIONS IN OUR ARAB WORLD ................................................ 27 EL-MALEK EL-SALEH BRIDGE. .............................................................................. 27 3.1) Site Analysis .............................................................................................................. 27 3.2) Urban Space ............................................................................................................... 28 3.2.1) Factors affecting the space: .................................................................................... 28 3.3) Devoid space and its impact ...................................................................................... 28 3.4) Survey Statistics ........................................................................................................ 29 3.5) Lighting in the space.................................................................................................. 29 3.6) Light and its effect ..................................................................................................... 30 PART 4: GUIDELINES AND STRATEGIES ............................................................. 30 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 32 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... 32 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 33

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List of Figures: Figure (1): Street lights in Ferdinand Vll’s near Royal Palace of Aranjuez Figure (2): Street lights in Brisbane, Brandenburg and Moenchbruch Figure (3): Urban lights as sodium vapor and low energy prismatic white light Figure (4): photochromic lights and LED solar power glass Figure (5): Pedestrian street lighting Figure (6): Auditoria de Tenerife by night, located in Canary Islands, Spain Figure (7): Olympic stadium, Kiev Figure (8): Times Square at night. Figure (9): Different ways of direct light. Figure (10): Different ways of task light Figure (11): Decorative lights Figure (12): opera Sydney zone and Roosevelt Avenue Figure (13): Weimar holocaust commemoration, Germany Figure (14): intersection roads in Montréal and high way in USA Figure (15): park d’Ilm, Weimar and the Van Gogh Park in Netherlands Figure (16): Uptown charlotte pass way Figure (17): Layout of uptown charlotte pass way Figure (18): Layout of the Receptor at night Figure (19): Layout of the Receptor at day Figure (20): Layout of the Receptor Figure (21): Indirect Light of the Receptor Figure (22): The Receptor Figure (23): El malek el saleh aerial view Figure (24): time spent by users within space Figure (25): type of space

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Figure (26): quality of light Figure (27): under the bridge of el saleh Figure (28): corniche el nile Figure (29): proposal 1 Figure (30): proposal 2

PART 1: OVERVIEW ON URBAN SPACES 1.1

URBAN SPACES

This part is dealing with types of urban spaces and some of the users’ needs that may affect the design of an urban space to achieve comfort.

1.1.1 Open Urban Spaces and their Types What’s urban space? Well urban space means “the characteristics of a city “. Commonly urban open space for users’ means “sites” like parks, squares, piazzas …etc. in a broader sense, it can be considered as a wider and more encompassing showing a continuous matrix between built and unbuilt spaces forming the context. Urban spaces varies in their types according to many categories whether the type of activity done within this space, the daily regular traffic or even the time of use of the space by the users …etc.[ casciani, d. (2012)] Concerned by the type of activities and daily traffic open public urban spaces are classified as follows: a. dead zones and dark waters ( low frequency) b. parks, plazas and promenades ( medium frequency) c. streets, stairs and bridges ( high frequency)

1.1.2 Factors affecting Open Urban Spaces Open urban spaces have special characteristics to be considered as a good open urban space, these characteristics are divided into environmental and ecological functions, social and societal functions and structural and symbolic functions. [casciani, d. (2012)].

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1.1.2.1.

Environmental and Ecological Functions

Environmental and ecological functions appear to happen without interventions from human beings but provide benefits to the community. This defines why environmental and ecological functions are umbrella for other sub- functions as shown in the following table. Environmental And ecological Climatic amelioration

Quality defining parameters Moderation of summer heat by using bright colors Amount of open space per citizen

sustainability

Protection against winds and sound barriers

Noise screening

Maintenance costs

Use local materials, recycled or renewable materials

Protection against light noise and destructions

Table (1): Environmental functions of Open Urban Spaces

(A guideline for making space - www.le-notre.org )

1.1.2.2.

Social and Societal Functions

The best arguably as most important functions within an open urban space to an extent there’s more to them other than creating leisure places for users as shown in the following table:

Social and societal Leisure and creation Contact and communication

Physical and psychological

Quality defining parameters Functional ecological network to increase use of space Appropriate level of use to reduce risk of crime and increase safety Recovery from stress and enhance mental health and improve behavior

Overlooked spaces to enhance security Attracting large number of users abiding to different sorts of activities Enhance the level of safety and security

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Balance all sorts of development

sustainability

Discourage crime

Accepted and used by public

Table (2): social and societal functions of open urban spaces

(A guideline for making space - www.le-notre.org )

1.1.2.3.

Structural and Symbolic Functions

They are of central importance for the user perception of the space but not always related to the physical use of space.

Culture and aesthetic

Quality defining parameters Dividing and linking areas Places vulnerable to crimes should be overlooked Routes for Accessibility pedestrians , cyclists and vehicles should be well- lit Spaces and Improving legibility entrances should be convenient Establish sense of Culture heritage and place and carrier identity ownership by taking history and geography into account

Clear distinction between different spaces Footpaths should be clear and remarkable

Divided , user defined spaces

Well defined , lit routes

Enhance devoid zones

Creation of a city for all and designing for change

Attractive spaces to apply security measures and sense of acceptance

Table (3): structural, cultural and aesthetic functions of open urban spaces

(A guideline for making space - www.le-notre.org ) So from the previous it’s quite clear that an open urban space is an arena for that allows different sorts of activities from the users’ point of view. [casciani, d. (2012)].

1.1.3 Devoid urban spaces PAGE 9

1.1.3.1

Classification of Devoid Urban Spaces

Urban open spaces have different typologies; domestic, neighborhood and civic but how this would influence the user’s use for this space? This would affect the user’s mobility within a space. As if this open space is far, the mobility of users will be less. Also it affects the aging category using the space, the physical activity of the users as in terms of aging the physical activity increases then declines so we should be aware of clichés of the space design with respect to the activity and the aging. Moreover, time budget is also an effective influence as the other side of the mobility coin is the time budget which indicates that the less mobile the more time budget to spend within an open urban space.to add catchment areas and the space hierarchy are important as the interaction between different levels of the previously mentioned influences would affect the design within the space and the users’ needs. Eventually, this will take us to the next level specifying our area of research which is the dead zones and dark waters. [ARUP. (2015)].

1.1.3.2

Impact of Devoid Spaces on City and People

What are dead zones? They are places or periods where a little activity or excitement are taking place like tunnels, places under bridges…etc. they are also spaces where something doesn’t exist or prosper. What is dark water? It’s an adjective that means the worst possible kind of something and urbanism it’s mentioned for water ways that lack visual interests or activities. So where is the problem? Darkness all over the centuries had been a fertile environment for crimes and assaults even in fairy tales and bed time stories all the mean incidents took place in dark places which made darkness for our cultures merely related to the worst possibilities and the sense of danger. Does the sense of danger ring bells for the urban designers? Well, yes as danger is a major psychological problem for the users releasing the need of safety and security that’s why recreation of dead zones and dark waters will reflects on the psychology of the user whether by achieving the sense of safety or by creating a visual interest for them. [ARUP. (2015)].

1.1.3.3

Recreation of devoid spaces

Recreation of devoid spaces can be done whether by redesigning the urban space, applying different sorts of activities , creating wide gathering events in order to return the space back to humane or even by using lighting. From this point, the discussion will take another route which is why lighting?

1.2

Lighting in Public Urban Spaces

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This part is dealing with types of lighting in urban spaces, its special specifications and technologies whether the trending or the traditional ones also it’s giving a closer look for the smart techniques in the urban lighting and the streetscape lighting systems. [De la Paz Gómez, F., Sanhueza P., Castro J. D. (2010)].

1.2.1 Lighting Technology Urban lighting had played a new role in the open urban spaces and the interest in its existence had increased this mainly had been a necessity due to the change of use of spaces at night. As a result, lighting ensures the basic requirements of safety and security for people. Urban lighting embodies new human oriented roles aimed to: a. b. c. d. e.

1.2.1.1

City ambiance (shaping the identity of the city and adapting to the users’ activities). Communication (simplifying aesthetic and symbolic goals). Social engagement (supporting the collective and the interaction use of city). Architectural enhancement (emphasizing the surfaces of the city and the architectural details). Attention making and way finding (creating a focal glow and creating attention).

Traditional Techniques

Lighting had been an important element in people lives for centuries as a result it had passed with a lot of development and an enhancement all over the previous year’s especially those concerned with urban spaces lighting.

a.

The Ferula Fernandina

Traditional lighting that remain used in Spain. It’s a neo classical French lamp dating from the late 18th century. It can be either a wall bracket or a standard standalone lamp.

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Figure (1): Street lights in Ferdinand Vll’s near Royal Palace of Aranjuez

b.

Arc Lamps and Incandescent Lighting

First electric street lamp, it was firstly installed in Paris in the avenue de l’ opera and the place d’etoile. It’s not a successful choice of urban lighting as it has intense and harsh light also it needs intensive maintenance. [De la Paz Gómez, F., Sanhueza P., Castro J. D. (201...