Southeast Asian - sessió ponent convidada, Geysha Gonzalez PDF

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sessió ponent convidada, Geysha Gonzalez...

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RRIICC 1. southeast Asian: an overview 2. regional institution in southeast Asia: asean 3. security challenges 4. rohingya crisis SOUTHEAST ASIAN: AN OVERVIEW 11 countries, the youngest country to become Independence is East Timor in 1999 Indonesia has More than a 1000 ethnic groups, ethnic conflicts are very normal Except Thailand most of them have been colonised by others countries as Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Great Britain, France, Japan, and the United States Just 3 out of the 11 are full democracies, have elections where the choose between parties (Philippines, Indonesia and east Timor) In practice, democratic transitions, in some countries such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Myanmar, had taken place amid strong challenge and pressure from the population and international community. the Philippines and Indonesia that had begun implementing electoral democracy §Brunei Darussalam implements a sultanate regime §BUT the political realm in other member states remain to be dominated either by powerful military or personalist dictator albeit conducting regular elections.

Malaysia and Singapore have been maintaining the ‘strong state’ political structure hence the power status quo of dominating elites and the networks of patronage. Arguably, the lack of democratization in both countries is compensated by the successful economic take-off and development. In Malaysia the prime minister that was elected for 30 years he resigned for a couple of years and then come back as a hero for the society

Prime Minister Hun Sen has ruled Cambodia with his personalist authoritarianism for more than 30 years, still in power, not change at all Laos, and Vietnam preside one-party authoritarian states for decades. No effective democratization.

Democratization in Thailand has never been long- lasted as the country went back and forth between military junta and civilian government in the past decade. Back and forth from military government and democratic one

RRIICC These prevailing quasi-democratic regimes have been criticized for routinely abusing their power and violating the human rights through restriction of freedom of expression, prosecution of political opponents or critics, censorship, arbitrary detention, and torture.

DEMOCRACY INDEX the Philippines (rank 51), Malaysia (rank 59), Indonesia (rank 68) The index is measured by the electoral process and pluralism, the functioning of government, political participation, political culture, and civil liberties Religious groups have gran influencia en el govern, freedom of expression is limited

DIGITAL PERFORMANCE INDEX Indonesia : 130 million social media users (grans consumidors de xarxes socials) Philippines: 67 million Vietnam: 55 million Thailand: 51 million Malaysia: 24 million Cyber security issues per la facilitate per accedir a internet de la majoria de la gent THE ASSOCIATION OF S (ASEAN) Established in Bangkok, 8 August 1967, as a response of the cold war dynamics, to say they are different entity and the don’t want to follow those dynamics. Aims to maintain regional safety and coherence, to comprehensive cooperation attempt in economic, social, cultural, and political arena in Greater East Asia Southeast Asian model of security arrangement Based on 2 important norms: non-intervention and consensus Treaty of Amity and Cooperation 1976 ASEAN Way “A working process or style that is informal and personal. Policymakers constantly utilize compromise, consensus, and consultation in the informal decision-making process... it above all prioritizes a consensus-based, non-conflictual way of addressing problems. Quiet diplomacy allows ASEAN leaders to communicate without bringing the discussions into the public view. Members avoid embarrassment that may lead to further conflict” (Masilamani & Peterson) All the decisions have to be based on consensus and non interference on internal issues ASEAN REGIONAL Forum

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ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY Moures a favour del model europeu (UE) 2003 – Bali Concord 

Creation of a single market, elimination of tariff and other cross-border fees (es diu que al 2020 hi haurà una integració total, sense taxes)

The idealistic vision of the community is to establish a stable, prosperous, equitable economic development and reduce poverty and the socioeconomic gap in the region. In addition to the AEC, the ASEAN Security community and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural community are to be built by 2020 as fundamental pillars of the projected community.

Es troba una situació molt important per importer I exporter (Xina i Australia) Why not shar currency? Singapur no vol perque té una cuurency molt forta a nivell mundial

EXTRA-REGIONAL 

ARF (not a decision making institution just discution) 1994

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ASEAN Plus o

ASEAN Plus 3 (1997)

o

ASEAN Plus 6 (2007)

SECURITY CHALLENGES SOUTH CHINA SEA DISPUTE China esta intentant reclamar la part del mar, han creat una illa on posar una base military (infraestructura) per a reclamar una major zona costera Això té impacte als Estats dels voltants

RRIICC La negociació és molt complicada ja que hi ha molt interessos creuats, economics i socials VIOLENT TERRORISM Als majors paisos hi ha grans branques de l’estat isalmic, 7 terrorist attacs in the last two years que claim theirs, claim they have relations with al-queda. Most of this cases, the came from the south west regeain to go to australia

SEPARATIST MOVEMENT South thalandia, south filipines, west papua (Indonesia)

Maritime security Illegal fishing ja que son arxipelegs

CYBER SECURITY

NATURAL DISSTER Molts soón per la posició I situació geogràfica on es troben però també per el problema medioambiental al ser paísos en desenvolupament com ara que puji el nivel del mar

HUMAN RIGHTS 

War on Drugs’ Campaign (Philippines)  les polítiques no són molt acertades, no tenen en compte el DDHH, sense passer per judici se’ls perseguix, ho fan perque sino fan mal bé les young generetions

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Mass atrocities in Myanmar

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Abuse to migrant workers (biggest divisa contributions)

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Abuse of Blasphemy Law

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Religious minority issues, racial or ethnical, (cas Indonesia: van estar molt discriminada a la dictadura qu eva durar més de 30 anys)

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Restriction of freedom of expression

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Prosecution of political opponents or critics

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Censorship

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Arbitrary detention and torture

ROHINGYA CRISIS BACKGROUND: Ethnic Muslim minority in Myanmar differ from Myanmar’s dominant Buddhist groups in terms of ethnic, linguistic and religion.

RRIICC The plight (situació) of Rohingya: § The issue of citizenship, they were expelled of the city, consider illegal immigrants § Repression and discrimination, they speak different languages 

15th century : Muslims came to Arakan Kingdom (Rakhine)

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From 17th to early 20h century: many others arrived (Myanmar under the British India)

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Colonial policies (british india) encouraged migrant labor in order ro incrase rice cultivation and profits  promised the Rohingya with a separate land

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Rohigya supports British, Myanmar’s nationalist support Japanese  After the war, British rewarded Rohigya with government posts (es dona a la majoria)

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1948 – Burma Independence

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1950: Some Rohingya staged a rebellion  called terrorist by the Government

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1962 – Military Junta seized power

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1982 – CITIZENSHIP LAW – Rohingya is not part of Myanmar’s 135 ethnic groups anymore, not allowed to have formal education, formal or public jobs, not political rights, not ID card. Declared official illegal immigrants

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2014 – UN backed census

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2015 – pressure from the Buddhist group (anti-Muslim campaign)

SOCIO ECONOMIC SITUATION Pakhine state in myanmar’s least developed state with a poverty of 78% Widespread poverty, poor infrastructure and lack of employment in Rakhine Religious differences ESCALATION OF CONFLICT 2012 – Violent clashàrefugee crisis in Southeast Asia & Bangladesh (“boat people”)  refugee crisis, to escape from the persecution, floating in the sea for weeks, a lot of people died for the boat and health situation, the other countries refuse to take the boat when it arrive to their territory border, due to the fact they weren’t part of the refugee list Internally they were lot of problems in the states, but externally they had a lot of international pressure. 2017 – Security crackdown  attack to border security post allegedly by the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), agust 2017 attack Brutal violent campaign by Myanmar’s military after the attack of the ARSA 700,000 Rohingya refugees since Aug 2017 RESPONSE TO THE CRISIS Li van donar un novel de la pau a la presidenta però ara li volen retirar per les polítiques que esta duuent a terme

RRIICC The Advisory Commission on Rakhine State (23 august 2016)  headed by kofi annan, to ensure the social and economic well-being of bothe Buddhist & the Rohingya communities in Rakhine Recommendations: To invest heavily in infrastructure to help in infrastructures to help lift bothe communities out of poverty To lift

Kifia annan presented the recommendations to UNSC after the violence erupted in 2017 china and Russia vetoed any un intervention Myanmar formed Rakhine Commission The independent Commission of Enquiry The International Criminal Court ruling crime against humanity UN fact finding report: Genocide in Rakhine State 2018

CRITISCM ASEAN Is unable to take action because Myanmar does not agree and they have to come to a common ground, as they have to do it by consensus. The ASEAN Charter adopted in 2007, amidst finally underlined the importance of human rights in the region, is still heavily overshadowed by the principle of ‘non-interference in the internal affairs’ of member states. § the ASEAN Intergovernmental Human Rights Commission (AICHR) which was expected to be the focal point of human rights enforcement, conversely, has no real power and relies on the consensus of government representatives when reporting on a human rights issue § No breakthrough was seen in the 2012 ASEAN Human Right Declaration. It is merely reaffirming the existing international human rights norms and, nevertheless, excluding the role of non- state actors in the human rights agenda....