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HOW TO FORM THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE SPAN120 - University of Southern California 

 1. Start with the first person singular (yo form) of the present indicative. 2. If the stem of the yo form is exactly the same as the stem of the infinitive, the verb is regular; use this stem and attach the appropriate endings [the endings for the subjunctive are for the most part the “opposite” conjugation endings of the present indicative].   REGULAR PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ENDINGS Endings: For all but the most irregular of verbs, the endings for the present subjunctive are as follows:  -ar

 -e  -es  -e  -emos  -éis  -en

 -er -ir

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-a 

-as 

-a 

-amos 

-áis 

-an

 3. If this form does not end in an -o, the verb is irregular in the present subjunctive; memorize the forms: IRREGULAR  ( see full conjugations here )  ● ser: soy -> sea; ● estar: estoy -> esté; ● ir: voy -> vaya; ● dar: doy -> dé; ● saber: sé ->sepa; ● Haber ( there is-there are or part of a compound verb) : he -> haya.  4. If the stem of the yo form shows a stem change when compared to the stem of the infinitive (e:ie, o:ue, or u:ue) and it's an -ar  or -er  verb, the stem will undergo the same changes as in the present indicative; Example: volver: vuelva, vuelvas, vuelva, volvamos, volváis, vuelvan. o  :ue, boot 5. If the stem yo form, when compared to that of the infinitive, shows that an -ir stem-changing verb,all forms of the present subjunctive will have stem changes: the same ones as in the present indicative (e: ie, o:ue), *plus special changes in the nosotros and vosotros forms (e: i, o: u) Example: Sentir: sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan; Dormir: duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmáis, duerman. 6. A yo form stem which is NOT the same as the one for the infinitive and which is NOT a stem changing verb: use this stem for all forms of the present subjunctive Example: Conocer: conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos, conozcáis, conozcan Tener: tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengáis, tengan 

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The subjunctive is used in various ways; for example, it appears in all negative commands as well as all formal commands, and is used in dependent clauses to indicate doubt, non-existence, or an emotional reaction.

  STEM CHANGING Stem changing verbs (-ar) and (-er) conjugations: ● These verbs experience the same stem changes as the present indicative; that is, the stem vowel changes into a diphthong (two vowels) . The vowel in the stem changes in all forms except those for nosotros and vosotros. ( boot verb) e :ie

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pensar: piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, penséis, piensen

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other verbs: cerrar (close), *comenzar (begin), *empezar (begin), encender (burn, turn on), entender (understand), *negar (deny), pensar (think), perder (lose),querer (want), sentar (sit)

 o :ue 

mover: mueva, muevas, mueva, movamos, mováis, muevan

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other verbs: acordar (remember), *almorzar (lunch), apostar (bet), colgar (hang up), contar (count, relate), costar (cost), demostrar (demonstrate), encontrar (find),llover (rain), mostrar (show), mover (move), poder (be able), recordar (remember), volver (return)

 u : ue  

jugar: juegue, juegues, juegue, juguemos, juguéis, jueguen

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Jugar (to play) and its compounds is the only one verb which has this change; note that it also undergoes an orthographic change (g -> gu) to maintain the hard “g” sound.

  Stem changing (-ir) verbs: ● In the nosotros and vosotros forms -ir stem changing verbs show a special change; ● the stem vowel is reduced to a single vowel: o -> ue -> u; e -> ie -> i. ● The other forms undergo the same changes as in the present indicative (a stem vowel change occurs whenever the stem vowel is stressed, that is, in all forms except for nosotros and vosotros).  

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o: ue: u

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dormir: duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmáis, duerman

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morir (die)

e: ie : i

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sentir: sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan

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[Sample verbs: consentir (consent), convertir (convert), herir (injure), preferir (prefer), mentir (lie) and sentir (feel, regret), and sugerir (suggest)]  

e : i : i

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pedir: pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidan

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other verbs: competir (compete), *conseguir (get), *corregir (correct), despedir (say goodbye, dismiss), *distinguir (distinguish), *elegir (elect), medir (measure),pedir (request), reír (laugh), *repetir (repeat), *seguir (follow, continue), servir (serve), and vestir (dress)]   Orthographic changes ( spelling changes ): First conjugation (-ar) verbs whose stem ends in -c, -g, or -z undergo a spelling change, as do -er and -ir verbs whose stem ends in -gu or -g. These changes are necessary to preserve the sound occurring in the infinitive.

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car-c:qu  

buscar: busque, busques, busque, busquemos, busquéis, busq

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other verbs: atacar (attack), buscar (look for), clasificar (classify) criticar (criticize), indicar (indicate), practicar (practice), publicar sacar (take out), secar (dry), tocar (touch, play)]

 gar-g:gu

  pagar: pague, pagues, pague, paguemos, paguéis, paguen

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[Sample verbs: cargar (load, charge), castigar (punish), entregar (deliver), *jugar (play), obligar (oblige), pagar (pay), pegar (hit), and tragar (swallow)]

 zar-z:c 

 abrazar: abrace, abraces, abrace, abracemos, abracéis, abracen

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[Sample verbs: abrazar (hug), bautizar (baptize), cazar (hunt), *comenzar (begin), *empezar (begin), lanzar (throw), rechazar (reject), rezar (pray), and simbolizar (symbolize)]

 guir-gu :g   distinguir: distinga distingas distinga distingamos distingáis

distinguen 

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[Sample verbs: *conseguir (get), distinguir (distinguish), *perseguir (persecute), and *seguir (follow, continue)]

 gir-g:j 

dirigir: dirija, dirijas, dirija, dirijamos, dirijáis, dirijan

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[Sample verbs: *corregir (correct), dirigir (direct), *elegir (elect), exigir (demand), fingir (pretend), and *regir (rule)]  Verbs with a special yo form ( but one which still ends in -o): Verbs which in the present indicative have a special yo form ending in an -o u  se the stem of that form for all the present subjunctive forms: Verbs with the addition of a -g- in the yo form: decir

      

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say

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digo:

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diga, digas, diga, digamos, di

hacer 

do

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hago:

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haga, hagas, haga, hagamos,

oír

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hear

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oigo:

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oiga, oigas, oiga, oigamos, oi

pone r

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put:

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pongo:

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pongas, ponga, ponga, pong pongan

salir

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go out:

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salgo

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salga, salgas, salga, salgamos

tener 

have:

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tengo

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tenga, tengas, tenga, tengam

traer

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bring:

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traigo

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traiga, traigas, traiga, traigam

valer

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be worth:

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valgo

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valga, valgas, valga, valgamo

venir

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come:

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vengo

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venga, vengas, venga, venga ...