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SLIDE 1: OVERVIEW OF PHONETICS SPEECH Phonetics- the scientific study of speech Speech – optimal human sonic communication shaped by rhythm of sentences, words and syllables Speech = human communication  transmits information = sonic communication  pertaining to sound. Sound Is the only medium for speech = optimal form communication  best in the biological sense Articulatory – studies speech production Acoustic – studies physical characteristics of sound speech Auditory – studies speech perception Phonetic Transcription – studies how speech can be written down symbolically SPEECH PRODUCTION Lungs (respiratory system) - Main source of energy for speech - Air flows OUTWARD to larynx - Speech occurs on exhaling Larynx - Complex cartilage in neck that contains vocal folds - Vibration of vocal folds = phonation - Speed vibration = gives voice its tone (slow = low tone deep voice, fast = high tone high voice) - Voiced + voiceless Vocal Tract - Pharynx, mouth (oral cavity), nose (nasal cavity) - Articulation – process of shaping the sound from larynx - Particular structures in involved in articulation (lips, tongue) = articulators Vocal apparatus  lungs + larynx + articulators sounds = small fluctuations in air pressure perceived by ear can be represented by oscillogram Oscillogram x-axis = time y-axis = amplitude  displacement of air pressure from its resting state high amplitude = larger pressure = louder sound Spectrogram x-axis = time y-axis = frequency  # of the completed sound wave cycles per second

Ear – 3 parts Outer ear  auricle, ear canal, eardrum Middle ear  3 little bones that transmit vibrations Inner ear  extremely complex structure that translates vibrations into chemical and then electrical signals (transmitted by auditory nerves) = hearing (perceiving sound) Auditory system = ear, nerves, part of the brain Why do we need IPA for linguistic analyses and can’t just rely on common English orthography? Because transcription provides a sequence of discrete, separated symbols. Phonological competence

SLIDE 2: ARTICULATORY PHONETICS – CONSONANTS AND VOWELS Producing Speech Sounds: 1. Air travels from lungs  larynx 2. Larynx can add phonation (voicing) 3. Airstream (voiced or voiceless) is further shaped in vocal tract = articulation Basic Principle of Articulation: As air passes through vocal tract, one structure (e.g. Tongue) moves closer to another structure (e.g. Palate) This constriction can happen at diff places in the vocal tract and in different manners

VOCAL TRACT: glottis, pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity, nasal cavity

UPPER PART Lips: upper + lower, labial sounds Teeth: dental sounds Alveolar ridge: alveolar sounds Palate (hard palate): palatal sounds Velum (soft palate): velar sounds - Regulates airflow to nasal cavity by raising or lowering - RAISED = passage to the nasal cavity closed = oral sounds - LOWERED = passage to nasal cavity open = nasal sounds Uvula: uvular sounds - Wedge-shaped tissue hanging from end of velum Pharynx: pharyngeal sounds Larynx: glottal sounds LOWER PART Lower Lip: labial sounds, more mobile than upper lip Tongue: lingual sounds - Complex structure - Quick and flexible - Most important of all articulators Epiglottis: epiglottal sounds (rare)

TONGUE Apex (tip) - Apical sounds - [l] in lip Lamina (blade) - laminal sounds - [d] in dip Dorsum (back) - dorsal sounds (tongue body) Radix (root) - radical sounds (none in English)

Active Articulators -MOVE - lower lip, tongue, velum, larynx Passive Articulators – DO NOT MOVE - upper lip, teeth, alveolar, ridge, palate, velum, uvula, pharynx ** Velum Active – oral/nasal distinction Passive – forming of velar constriction CONSONANTS  speech sounds = significant constriction in the vocal tract (total blockage or a narrowing) 3 dimensions of Class: 1. phonation (voiced/voiceless) 2. place of articulation 3. manner of articulation

Nasal vs Oral sounds Nasal  air passes through nasal and oral cavity - velum is lowered so nasal cavity is open Oral  air passes through oral cavity only - velum is raised blocking the nasal cavity Coarticulation – overlapping of articulatory movements...