Summary - lecture 1-16,18 + final study guide PDF

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Summary - lecture 1-16,18...

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Chapter 1: Speaking in Public The Tradition of Public Speaking  Opportunities for you to speak out  Aristotle’s Rhetoric: foundation of public speaking- ethos, logos, pathos Similarities between Public Speaking and conversation  Organizing your thoughts logically  Tailoring your message to your audience  Telling a story for a maximum impact- don’t begin story with the punch line  Adapting to listener feedback- if listener is confused, you explain Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation  Public speaking is more highly structured o Imposes stick time limitations on the speaker o Does not allow listeners to interrupt o More detailed planning  Public speaking requires more formal language  Public speaking requires a different method of delivery o Voice must be loud and clear o Erect posture o Avoid distracting mannerisms and verbal habits Developing Confidence: Your Speech Class  Stage fright the anxiety over the prospect of giving speech in front of an audience  Adrenaline: a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress- heart race, hand shake, knees knock and skin perspire  Dealing with Nervousness o Be prepared. o Aim to transform negative force into a positive one o Positive nervousness- controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her of his presentation o Use this as stage enthusiasms- move arms, project voice o Pick topics you care about- able to tell stories about it o Think positively o Use visualization- mental visioning. Picture yourself succeeding o Know that most nervousness is not visible o Don’t expect perfection  Dealing with nervousness right before the speech o Be at your best physically and mentally o Tighten and relax your muscles before the speech o Take slow, deep breaths before speaking o Work hard on the introduction o Make eye contact with members of your audience o Use visuals if needed for your speech- takes audience briefly away from you o Go first if you have high anxiety

Public Speaking and Critical Thinking  Critical thinking: focused organized thinking about such things as logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence and the differences between facts and opinions  Use credible sources- know differences between fact and opinion The Speech and Communication Process  Speech communication begins with a speaker- one who is presenting an oral message to a listener  The message is whatever to speakers communicates to someone else  The channel is the means which a message is communicated (telephone)  The listener is the person who receives the communicated message  Everything a speaker says is filtered through a listener’s frame of referencethe total of his or her knowledge, experience, goals, values and attitudes. No two people can have the same frame of reference  Feedback- the messages usually nonverbal sent from a listener to a speaker  Interference is anything that impeded the communication of a message (external- traffic, other convos or internal- listener’s toothache)  The situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs  Situations can help (marriage proposal)  Public speakers must also be alert of certain situations (funerals, graduation) Public Speaking in a Multicultural World  Speechmaking becomes more complex as cultural diversity increases. (differences in language, culture)  Facial expressions vary from culture to culture  Be aware and respectful of diversity and opinions  Avoid ethnocentrism- the belief that one’s own group of culture is superior to all other groups of culture

Chapter 2: Developing a Marketing Strategy and a Marketing Plan  A marketing strategy identified a firm’s target markets, a related marketing mix (4 P’s) and the bases on which the firm plans to build a sustainable competitive advantage.  A sustainable competitive advantage is an advantage over the competition that is not easily copied d thus can be maintain over a long period of time. o Customer excellence- focuses on retaining loyal customers and excellent customers service (Nordstrom)  Retaining loyal customers: strong brand, unique merchandise and superior customers service. View customers with a lifetime value perspective, rather than a transaction-bytransaction  Customer Service: once a marketer has earned a good service reputation, it can sustain this advantage for a long time because a competitor is hard pressed to develop a comparable reputation o Operational excellence- achieved through efficient operations and excellent supply chain and human resource management o Product excellence- having products with high perceived value and effective branding and positioning o Locational excellence- having a good physical location and Internet presence. o

Chapter 3: Listening  

Hearing- the vibration of sound eaves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain Listening- paying close attention to and making sense of what we hear

Listening and Critical Thinking  Appreciative listening- listening for pleasure enjoyment (concert, music appreciation class)  Empathic listening- listening to provide emotion support for a speaker (listening to a story)  Comprehensive listening- listening to understand the message of a speaker (in a classroom)  Critical listening- listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it (persuasive speech) For Causes of Poor Listening 1. Not concentrating  Spare “brain time”- the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120-150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 words a minute) 2. Listening too hard (writing too many notes and not listening) 3. Jumping to conclusions 4. Focusing on delivery and personal appearance How to Become a Better Listener  Take listening seriously  Be an active listener- giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s potential point of view  Resist distractions  Don’t be diverted by appearance of delivery  Suspend judgment  Focus you listening o Listen for main points o Listen for evidence o Listen for technique  Develop note-taking skills o Keyword outline- an outline that briefly notes a speaker’s main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form

Chapter 4: Giving Your First Speech  Develop your Speech o Ice breaker speech- a speech in the term designed to get students speaking in front of the class ASAP o Focus your topic  Fit within time frame o Developing your topic  Interesting characteristics  Sub topics  What will be interesting for audience  Be creative  Organizing your speech o Introduction- the opening section of a speech  Attention getter- posing a question, telling a story, making a startling statement or quote  Relevance- how is it relevant to the audience  Credibility- let audience know why you are credible  Thesis- one simple sentence that is the main idea of your speech  Preview of main points- name in order you are going to talk to them in o Body- the main section of a speech  Chronological order- a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern  Topical order- a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics  Main points- the major points developed in the body of a speech  Transition- a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one though and is moving on to another o Conclusion- the final section of a speech  Signal your conclusion  Restate your thesis  Summarize your main point  End with impact  Reference your story/quote/question you stated in the beginning  Delivering your speech o Speak extemporaneously- a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes  Do not memorize word for word  Conversational o Rehearsing the speech  May want to do in front of mirror/friends

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 Time speech  Rehearse out loud Presenting your speech o Starting your speech  Be relaxed, face audience  Establish yourself o Gestures- motions of a person’s hands or arms during a speech o Eye contact- direct visual contact with the eyes of another person o Voice  Use voice expressively as you would in a normal conversation  Project to back of room  Slow down, speak up, project clearly o Dealing with nerves  Breathe  Tightening and relaxing you muscles

Chapter 5: Choosing a Topic and Purpose  Topics you know a lot about  Topics you want to know about  Brainstorming  Determining the General Purpose o To inform- teacher o To persuade- advocate or partisan  Determining the Specific Purpose o General purpose+ your audience+ your topic  Write a full infinitive phrase  Express as a statement  Avoid figurative language  Limit your purpose statement to one single idea  Make sure it is not vague or general  Phrasing the Central Idea o The central idea (thesis) is one sentence that encapsulates the major idea of your speech o The residual message is what your want the audience to remember after they have forgotten everything in your speech o Tipis for your thesis  Should be a full sentence  Should not be a question  Should avoid figurative language  Should not be vague or overly general

Chapter 6: Analyzing the Audience 

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Audience-Centeredness o Keeping the audience foremost in mind every step of speech [reparation and presentation o It is to gain desired response from listeners o Effective speakers seek to create a bond with their listeners by emphasizing coming values and experiences. o Identification- a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals and experiences o Think about your listeners background and interests Your Classmates as an Audience o The best classroom speeches are those that take the classroom audience as seriously as a lawyer, a politician, a minister or an advertiser takes an audience The Psychology of Audiences o Speaker must make the audience choose to pay attention o People are egocentric- the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs and well-being o People hear what they want to o Need to grasp your listeners know, believe and care about Demographic Audience Analysis o Demographic audience analysis- audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership and racial, ethnic or cultural background o Consists of two steps  Identifying the general demographic features  Gauging the importance of those features to a particular speaking situation o Avoid stereotyping- creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike o Age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, racial, ethic, and cultural background, group membership (unions, businesspeople, frats, clubs) Situational Audience Analysis o Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech and the disposition of the audience towards the topic, the speaker and the occasion. o Size  The larger the audience, the more formal your presentation must be  May also affect your language, choice of appeals and use of visual aids o Physical Setting  Work with the setting

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Don’t be influenced by the poor setting Be energetic and alert in front of audience and they will forget their discomfort o Disposition Toward the Topic  Interest  Asses interest in advance and to adjust your speech accordingly  Knowledge  Strong correlation between interest in a topic and knowledge about it  Attitude  The frame of mind in favor or apposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.  Adjust your speech to address their concerns or to answer their objections  Disposition Toward the Speaker  The competent listeners believe a speaker to be, the more likely they are to accept what he or she says  Disposition towards the occasion  Listeners have fairly definite ideas about the speeches they consider appropriate Getting Information about the Audience o Three questions when developing an audience-analysis questionnaire:  Fixed-alternative questions: questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives  Ex: yes/no/unsure question  Tend to lead to superficial answers  Question is clear and unambiguous  Scale questions- questions that require response at fixed intervals along a scale of answers  Very seldom-------very often  Useful for getting at the strength of a respondent’s attitudes  Open-ended questions- questions that allow respondents to answer however they want  Invite for detailed responses  Likelihood of getting answers that do not give the kind of information you need  Plan the questionnaire carefully to elicit precisely the information you need  Use all three types of questions  Make sure all questions are clear and unambiguous  Keep the questionnaire relatively brief Adapting to the Audience o Before the speech

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Assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you say in your speech  Adjusting what you say to make it as clear, appropriate and convincing as possible  Submerge your own views so completely that you adopt those of your listeners Audience Adaption During the Speech o Make best of the situation o Condense speech is need be o Keep an eye out or the audience feedback-how they are sitting

Chapter 7: Gathering Materials  

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Using Your Own Knowledge and Experience o Pick a topic you know so you can use your personal stories Doing Library Research o Librarians  Ask a librarian for help in library o The Catalog  A listing of all the books, periodicals and other resources owned by a library  Tells if a book is available  Call number- a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves o Reference Works  A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers  Encyclopedias, yearbooks, quotation books, biographical aids o Newspaper and Periodical Databases  A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals and newspapers  Abstract of an article is a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author  Never cite the abstract, always read the full article o Academic Databases  A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals Searching the Internet o Use internet to supplement, not to replace the library research o Search engines  Ex: google  Develop a search strategy that will allow you to zero in precisely on the information o Specialized Research Resources  Virtual libraries- a search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of catalogues and assessing data  Government resources- provides government documents and publications  Ex: USA.gov o The Special Case of Wikipedia  Good place to start learning about a topic, nut not a good place to end Evaluating Internet Documents o Authorship- is it identified? Credentials? o Sponsorship- are they objective?

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An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for or the content of a document on the internet o Receny- look at copy-right date, publication date or date of last version at the top of bottom of the document Interviewing o Research interview- way to gather information o Before the Interview  Define the purpose of the interview  Decide whom to interview  Arrange the interview  Decide whether to record the interview  Prepare your questions- leading questions or hostile loaded questions During the interview o Dress appropriately and be on time o Repeat the purpose of the interview o Set up the recorder, if you are using one o Keep the interview on track o Listen carefully o Don’t overstay your welcome After the interview o Review your notes ASAP o Transcribe your notes Tips for doing Research o Start Early o Make a Preliminary Bibliography  A list compiled earl in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic Takes Notes Efficiently o Take plenty of notes o Record notes in a consistent format o Make a separate entry for each note o Distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases and your own ideas-no plagiarizing Think About Your Materials As You Research o If you think about what you are finding in your research, you will see your topics just a little bit differently with each note you take o You will find new relationships, develop new questions, explore new angles

Chapter 8: Supporting Your Ideas  Supporting materials- the materials used to support a speaker’s ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics and testimony o Examples- specific cases used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences or the like.  Brief examples- a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point  Extended examples- a story, narrative or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point  Hypothetical examples- an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation  Tips for using examples  Use to clarify your ideas  Use to reinforce your ideas  Use to personalize your ideas  Make them vivid and richly textured o Statistics are numerical data  Are they representative?  Are they from a reliable source?  Are they used correctly?  Mean- the average value of a group of numbers  Median- the middle numbers arranged from highest to lowest  Mode- the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers  Are they from a reliable source  Tips for using Statistics  Use statics to quantify your ideas  Use statistics sparingly  Identify the sources of your statistics  Explain your statistics  Round off complicated statistics  Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends o Testimony- quotations or paraphrases used to support a point  Expert testimony- testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields  Peer testimony- testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic  Direct quotation- testimony that is presented word for word  Paraphrase- to restate or summarize a source’s ideas in one’s owns words  Tips for testimony  Quote or paraphrase accurately  Use testimony from qualified sources

 Use testimony from unbiased sources  Identify the people you wrote or paraphrase o Citing Sources Orally  Pg. 161 chart  Cite the book, magazine, newspaper or web document  Cite the author, or sponsoring organization of the document  Cite the author’s qualifications with regard to topic  Cite the date on which the document was published, posted or updated

Chapter 9: Organizing the Body of the Speech  Strategic Organization- putting a speech together in a particular way for a particular audience to make a particular result  Main Points (2-4 main points for informative speech) o Chronological- history of something o Spatial- main points follow a direct pattern o Causal- main points show a cause and effect o Problem-solution- recommend for persuasive speech. First main points states the problem, second states the solution o Topical  Tips to prepare main points o Keep them separate o Try to use the same wording for main points o Balance the time devoted to main points  Supporting Materials o Examples o Statistics o Testimony  Connectives- words or phrases that connect the speech (transitions) o Internal preview- lets the audience know what the speaker will discuses o Internal summary-statement in the body that summarizes preceding points o Signpost- vary brief statements that indicates where the speaker is in the speech

Chapter 10: Beginning and Ending the Speech  The introduction o Get the attention and interest of your audience  Go dir...