Summary The Art Of Public Speaking - 16 Chapter Exam Review Material PDF

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16 chapter exam review material...

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Speech Midterm Exam I Notes: Chapter 1- Speaking in Public: Pericles: Greek leader “one who forms a judgement on any point but cannot explain it, might as well never have thought at all on the subject” 93% of 300 employers said that the ability to think critically and communicate clearly is more important than the candidate’s undergraduate major. Public Speaking: -

A way of making your ideas public, sharing them and influencing other people Highly valued skill in college as well as the professional world. Way of engaging in your civic duty Orator: someone who is good at public speaking

Public Speaking

similarities

More highly structured(timed, no questions during speech, must be prepared before and must anticipate future questions) Formal Language (no colloquial, curse words etc.) Requires a different method of delivering (this includes correct posture, voice range, and use of language)

Individual conversation

Organize your thoughts logically(step by step)

Less structured, the conversation is more casual and the speaker and get interrupted

Tailoring your message to the audience (clarifying it in a way that your audience understands) Telling a story for maximum impact(you start from the beginning)

Language is colloquial and casual

Requires a story too that makes logical sense

Adapt to your listener’s feedback STEPS: Creating your speech (Public and Individual) -

Organization: logical thoughts Tailoring: Meet the understanding of your audience to get your point across. Telling: Clarity for maximum impact Adapt to listener feedback Critical Thinking: Focused, organized and logical thinking that allows the speaker as well as the listener to understand the content and make correct judgements. This type of thinking reflects in your speech

Beating Nervousness -

Stage fright: Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of the audience 2001 Gallup study found 40% of Americans had a fear of PS, the rest feared snakes. Aim for positive nervousness- controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation Acquire speaking experience Prepare: in order to gain confidence you must prepare yourself beforehand to ensure a maximum impact. One statistics show that proper preparation can decrease stage fright by up to 75% Think positively, encourage yourself with positive thinking instead of being negative. Use visualization: mental image in which a speaker vividly pictures him/herself giving an A+ presentation. Don’t expect perfection. Nervousness/ anxiety is not visible to the audience Speaking in public is not a performance rather an act of communication, no one is judging you. There are 7 elements to a speech (regardless of what speech it is) -Speaker: person giving message -message: content of speech -channel: the means by which a message is communicated (radio, television etc.) -listener: person receiving message, no two people can have the same frame of reference -feedback: message sent nonverbally from the listener to the speaker. -interference: anything that interrupts the message -situation: The time and place in which the speech occurs

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Speaking to other cultures and diversities: Avoid ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to everyone else’s. In order to be respectful and deliver the message one must be informed and consider other cultures in the speech this is where tailoring your speech comes in. Chapter 2: Ethics and Public speaking

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The importance of ethics: Branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. Ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines. Guidelines for ethical speaking Make sure your goals are ethically sound, you cannot defend what you don’t agree with Be fully prepared for the speech, you shouldn’t waste your audience’s or your own time. Be honest: public speaking rests in the assumption that what the speaker is saying is true and he or she is trust worthy, even though most people maneuver their way around it.

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Avoid name calling or abusive language, this is unprofessional because using this language is demeaning and defames individuals or groups. Put ethical principles into practice as you are making your speech. Plagiarism Presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own. Comes from “Plagiarius” meaning kidnapper. Global Plagiarism -stealing your speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as your own. Most unforgivable and blatant Avoid this by stating your speech early

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Patchwork Plagiarism -Stealing ideas or language from multiple sources and passing them off as your own Avoid this by doing your research and using other works to come to a genuine conclusion

Incremental Plagiarism Failing to give credit to particular parts of the speech that are borrowed from other people. Ex. Quotations, paraphrasing ALWAYS CITE YOUR SOURCES!!!!

Guidelines for ethical listening: Be courteous and attentive Avoid prejudging the speaker Maintain free and open expression of ideas

Chapter 3: Listening Hearing vs listening: Hearing is the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain, while listening is paying close attention to and making sense of what we hear. -

Replacing poor listening with good listening increases efficiency, sales customer satisfaction and employee morale 4 kinds of listening: CACE 1. Appreciative listening: listening for pleasure or enjoyment, much like we listen to music 2. Empathetic listening: Listening to provide emotional support to the speaker 3. Comprehensive Listening: listening to understand the message, like student teacher 4. Critical listening: listening to evaluate the message Four causes of poor listening 1. Not concentrating--- spare brain time allows the brain to wonder and lose concentration 2. Listening too hard---In trying to absorb all the information and details we lose the main points 3. Jumping to conclusions before the speaker is finished. 4. Focusing too much on delivery and personal appearance

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Becoming a better listener Take it seriously Be an active listener, take notes and give your undivided attention to the person Resist distractions Don’t be diverted by appearance or delivery Suspend judgement Focus your listening : listen for main points, evidence and technique Develop note taking skills Create outline Chapter 4 Giving your first speech

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“Ice- breaker” speech: a speech early in the term use to alleviate the stress of public speaking by getting the students to speak ASAP 1. Focusing your topic: evaluate your given time and give enough info to cover it 2. Developing your topic: Be creative and think about different ways to structure the speech (funny, suspenseful, dramatic etc.) 3. Organizing your speech (intro, body and conclusion) a. Intro: get the attention and interest of the audience with a creative beginning, opening section of a speech b. Body: the main section of your speech, this is where your state your arguments and further explain them and support them with information, the use of transitions is important c. Conclusion: final section of speech, let the audience know you’re about to finish, finish with a vivid ending Delivering your speech Speaking extemporaneously: a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes. Preparation+ Improvisation Requires you to know the content of your message well Points should consist of key words or phrases Rehearse the speech Present it: wait for audience to settle down, make eye contact, reduce gestures, nice voice Chapter 5: Selecting a Topic and a Purpose 1. Selecting a topic Determined by the occasion, the audience and the speaker’s qualifications (priest at funeral, doctor at conference etc.) When deciding a topic you can choose: subjects you don’t know too much abut and subjects that you do. Brainstorming for topics:

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a. Dig into your own strengths, hobbies, interests- personal inventory b. Clustering: you cluster information like people places and things to organize your thoughts and come up with a speech topic. c. Internet search: search topics online 2. Determining a General Purpose THIS IS THE BROAD GOAL OF YOUR SPEECH Falls into 2 categories: Inform or persuade, informing you act as a teacher, persuading you’re an advocate 3. Determining the Specific purpose “A single phrase that states precisely what the speaker is trying to accomplish in his or her speech” MUCH MORE DETAILED ALWAYS MUST INCLUDE THE WORD AUDIENCE” TO EXPLAIN/INFORM TO MY AUDIENCE” 4. Formulating the purpose statement Write the PS as a full phrase not a fragment Express your thoughts as a statement not a question----NO QUESTIONS Avoid figurative language--- language should concise and professional Limit your purpose statement to one distinctive idea---ONLY ONE IDEA, ONE MAIN PURPOSE Can’t be too vague or general Avoid topics that does not relate to your audience, is too technical(words are not understandable), is too trivial(too simple for your audience) 5. Phrasing the Central Idea “ A one sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of speech” Residual message- what the audience will retain after your speech, this is the central idea The guidelines are the same as the specific ideas

Chapter 6 Analyzing your audience Analyzing the audience Audience-centered: when you keep the audience foremost in mind when creating your speech, this includes technicality, being too trivial, and relating the topic to your audience The psychology of the audience- the audience is egocentric this means they want to hear about themselves, their values, beliefs and well-being. You need to grasp what is important to the audience Audience’s Demographics- this includes age, gender, religion, sexual orientation. You need to first identify the general demographics and then gauge what are their important values. WITHOUT STEREOTYPING PEOPLE. You need to be partial to age, gender, sexual orientation (partner, spouses, unmarried) and religion also the audience’s race, ethnic and cultural background. Situational Audience Analysis- focuses on audience size, setting, and the disposition for that topic, the speaker and the occasion Size of the audience classroom or auditorium: THE BIGGER THE AUDIENCE THE MORE FORMAL THE SPEECH

Physical setting of audience: It is important to know where you are speaking to better prepare yourself. Don’t become influence by the poor physical setting, be energetic and positive Audience’s disposition towards topic: Interest, knowledge (people pay more attention to topics that they know or what to learn more about) and attitude (you need to address the attitude of the audience about your topic, whether they are opposed to or agree with) Audience’s disposition towards the speaker – the audience evaluates you and the more competent you seem the more of their attention you will receive Audiences disposition towards occasion – you need to address the occasion whether it is a graduation or a funeral.

Chapter 7 Gathering materials -

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Use your own experience: this gives your speech a more personal take and allows you to connect with the audience Doing Research – Library Research Library: ask your librarians for help Use a catalogue: A listing of all the books, periodicals and other resources owned by the library, use the call number to find it easier Reference work: A work that synthesized a large amount of info for easy access by researchers Encyclopedias, yearbooks, biographical aids Newspaper and periodical databases This allows you to locate resources faster. It catalogues articles from a large number if magazines, journals, and newspapers Academic Databases Data base that catalogue9s scholarly articles (UF virtual library) The Internet The internet has endless resources available in the search engines Specialized research resources like virtual libraries, government resources and Wikipedia You need to evaluate internet documents to determine their credibility - Authorship- find out who wrote it and what qualifies them - Sponsorship- organizations without an author that provide info

- Recency- look up the copyright date, publication date etc Interviewing Interviewing can give you a primary source of information You must: prepare the interview by first defining a purpose, deciding whom to interview, arranging the interview and if you’re going to record it and finally prepare your questions

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Chapter 8 Supporting your Ideas Supporting material: Materials used to support the speakers ideas and main points: EXAMPLES, TESTIMONIES AND STATISTICS

Examples

statistics

Testimonies

A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences or the like. -brief examples (specific instances) may be referred to in a passing to illustrate a point -extended examples: narratives, illustrations or anecdotes, they are used when telling a story -hypothetical examples: an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation TIPS USE THEM TO CLARIFY, REINFORCE, AND PERSONALIZE YOUR IDEAS. MAKE THE EXAMPLES WILD AND VIVID AND PRACTICE DELIVERY

NUMERICAL DATA -you need to understand the data in order to represent it -they need to be representative of a whole not just partial and then generalized -measured correctly Mean, median and mode -need to be from a reliable source -use the statistics to quantify your ideas -use them sparingly(don’t fill your speech with them ) - identify the source of the statistics , make sure they’re credible -explain them to your audience and relate it back to them -Round off complicated ##

QUOTATIONS OR PARAPHRASES USED TO ILLUSTRATE A POINT -expert testimony -peer testimony : ordinary people with first-hand experience You should paraphrase or keep quotes short TIPS QUOTE OR PARAPHRASE ACCURATELY USE TESTIMONY FROM QUALIFIED SOURCES USE TESTIMONY FROM UNBIASED SOURCES IDENTIFY THE PEOPLE WHO QUOTE OR PARAPHRASE

Chapter 9 Organizing the body of the speech -

Speeches need to be organized in order to be understood- strategic organization means to be a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience Intro, body and conclusion Specific purpose, central idea and main points (usually 3 only) Organization orders Chronological order: method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern, usually in stages Topical order: the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics Casual order/ Cause and effect order: shows a cause and effect relationship. Ex. Why growing trees is important, there is a cause and an effect to this Problem solution order: first points deal with the existence of a problem then comes the solution

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Spatial order: a method of organization in which details are presented as they are (or were) located in space and follow a directional pattern. Ex in a hurricane there is the middle then the edges then the surroundings TIPS KEEP MAIN POINTS SEPARATE USE THE SAME PATTERN OF WORDING FOR MAIN POINTS BALANCE YOUR TIME TO COVER ALL POINTS SUPPORTING MATERIALS: EXAMPLE, TESTIMONIES, STATISTICS CONNECTIVES: WORD OR PHRASE THAT CONNECTS TWO IDEAS AND ESTABLISHES A RELATIONSHIP 1TRANSITION: A WORD THAT INDICATES A SPEAKER HAS FINISHED THE IDEA AND IS MOVING ON 2INTERNAL PREVIEW: when you preview your points A STATEMENT IN THE BODY OF THE SPEECH THAT TELLS THE AUDIENCE WHAT THE SPEAKER IS ABOUT TO TALK ABOUT NEXT 3INTERNAL SUMMARY: A SUMMARY AFTER EACH POINT 4SIGNPOSTS: A BREIF STATEMENT THAT’S INDICATES WHERE THE SPEAKER IS IN THE SPEECH

Chapter 10 Beginning and ending the speech

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The introduction: Get the attention and interest of the audience Relate the topic to the audience State the importance of your topic and why it’s important to them Startle the audience Arouse curiosity Question the audience- rhetorical Begin with a quotation Tell a story Reveal the topic of your speech- this allows the audience to better understand you Establish credibility and good will- what makes you qualified to speak about the topic Preview the body of the speech- preview statement (like the thesis statement) TIPS Brief intro Be on the lookout for intro materials Be creative Practice and rehearse Don’t begin talking to soon, wait for audience to settle The Conclusion 2 major functions: to let the audience know you are ending and to reinforce the audience’s understanding ----Signal the end of the speech: In conclusion, finally etc.

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Crescendo ending: a conclusion that builds up to a zenith point and ending Dissolve ending: a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

------ reinforce the central idea Summarize your speech - End with a quote - Make dramatic statement - Refer to into Chapter 11 Outlining

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1. Preparation outline- an outline that is created during the speech making process and includes the structure of the speech – general purpose, specific purpose, central idea, intro, body(main points), subpoints, connectives, transitions, conclusion and bibliography 2. Use a visual framework- a pattern of symbols that shows the relationships between the main ideas. Title General purpose Specific purpose Central idea Intro Body A. Main Point I a. subpoints B. Main Point II b. subpoints C. Main Point III c. subpoints - Conclusion Speaking outline- a quick outline used to jog the speakers memory during the speech It should contain keywords and phrases to jog your memory and it should be a condensed version of your preparation outline Follow the visual framework in the preparation outline Make sure it is legible Keep it brief Give yourself cues

Chapter 12 Using language -Meaning of words Words have 2 meanings: denotative and connotative

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We must use language Clearly; use familiar and concrete words, abstract words are easier to misinterpret, eliminate clutter Accurately- make sure to pronounce the words correctly Vividly- imagery(makes it more interesting and easier to comprehend), concrete words, simile, metaphor, rhythm; parallelism, repetition, alliteration, antithesis Appropriately- occasion, audience, topic Inclusive language- avoid generic “HE”, ,man, avoid stereotyping the audience Chapter 13

Delivery What is a good delivery?? Delivery that conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly, without calling attention to itself Methods of Delivery: 1. Reading verbatim- speeches that require absolute accuracy, don’t be monotone and keep a good reading pace 2. Reading a memorized text- If you need to do this speech memorize it thoroughly 3. Speaking impromptu- delivered with little or no immediate preparation, don’t panic, think rationally and create logical points 4. Speaking extemporaneously – the speaker will only use a brief set of notes but has had time to practice, unlike impromptu speakers Speaker’s voice - Volume: alter it to your audience - Pitch: How high or low the speakers voice sounds - Inflections: changes in pitch - Monotone: a voice lacking any change in pitch (inflections) - Pauses: necessary to make your point - Vocal variety: changes in pitch, rate and voice - Pronunciation- the accepted standard for pronouncing words - Articulation- the physical production of particular speech sounds - Dialect- a variety of language distinguished by variations accent, grammar or vocab Speaker’s Body - Kinesics- the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication - Personal appearance - Movement: try to limit movemen...