Public Speaking Final Review PDF

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Comprehensive review of the course. Chapter reviews and class notes. Everything you need to know for the final ...

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COMM FINAL Monday at 7pm

The final is worth 100 points/10%, has 50 questions, and covers chapters 6, 8, 12, 16-19. · Demographic and situational audience analysis · Types of questions that can be used to gauge audience analysis (think of the types of questions you had to use for your AAQ) · The types of testimony · Statistics · Types of examples · The entire PPT on Language on Blackboard in the Persuasive Speech folder (Ch. 12) · Solvency issues (persuasion) o Need, Plan, Practicality · Questions/Propositions of fact, value, policy · Mental dialogue · The outline patterns for policy persuasive speeches o Motivated Sequence o Problem/Solution o Problem/Cause/Solution · All of the fallacies · Ethos, Pathos, Logos · Types of reasoning o Analogy (literal and figurative) o Reasoning from principle · From Chapter 19: o Types of needs in a group § Maintenance § Procedural § Task o Types of leaders in a group § Emergent § Implied o Reflective thinking method

Chapter 6 ● ●

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Audience centeredness ○ Keep audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation Demographic audience analysis ○ Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors ■ Age ■ Gender ■ Religion ■ Sexual orientation ■ Group membership ■ Racial, ethnic, or cultural background ■ Group membership ■ Others are occupation, economic position, social standing, education, intelligence and place of residence ○ Avoid stereotyping Situational audience analysis ○ Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors ■ Size of the audience ● Larger = more formal ● Affect language, choice of appeals, use of visual aids ■ Physical setting for the speech ■ Disposition of the audience toward the topic ● Interest ○ Arresting intro, provocative supporting materials, vivid language, dynamic delivery, visual aids ● Knowledge ● Attitude ○ A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc. ■ Disposition toward the speaker ■ Disposition toward the occasion Types of questions ○ Fixed-alternative questions ■ Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives ■ A yes/no/not sure question ■ Produce clear, unambiguous answers but can be superficial ○ Scale questions ■ Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers ■ Strongly agree to strongly disagree ■ Good for finding attitudes ○ Open-ended questions ■ Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

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More detailed responses but increase likelihood of getting answers that do not give the kind of info you need

For an Informative Speech, you may choose to use a questions similar to these: 1. I am familiar with the concept of splatter painting. Disagree I Don’t Know Agree 2. I am interested in learning more about splatter painting. Strongly Disagree –1—2—3—4—5—Strongly Agree For a Persuasive Speech, you may choose to use questions similar to these: 1. I think that US healthcare should be reformed. Disagree I Don’t Know Agree I think that the Affordable Healthcare Act is a great way to reform US Healthcare. Strongly Disagree –1—2—3—4—5—Strongly Agree

Chapter 8 ● Examples ○ Specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like ■ Vivid, concrete examples have a strong impact on listeners’ beliefs and actions ■ Brief examples ● Specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point ● Specific instances ● Single them out or pile them ■ Extended examples ● Story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point ● Vivid and dramatic, pulling listeners into the speech ■ Hypothetical examples ● Describes an imaginary or fictitious situation ● Relate to a general principle ○ Use examples to clarify your ideas, reinforce your ideas, personalize your ideas ○ Make your examples vivid and richly textured ○ Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples ● Statistics ○ Numerical data ○ Used in passing to clarify or strengthen a speaker’s point or show magnitude or seriousness of an issue ○ Understanding statistics ■ Depends on what you are measuring ■ More to stats than meets the eye ■ Are the statistics representative? Are statistical measures used correctly? ■ Mean ● Average value of a group of numbers

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Median ● Middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest ■ Mode ● Number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers ■ Are the statistics from a reliable source? ○ Use statistics to quantify your ideas ○ Use statistics sparingly ○ Identify the sources of your statistics ○ Explain your statistics ○ Round off complicated stats ○ Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends Testimonies ○ Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point ○ Expert testimony ■ Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields ■ Important for controversial topic or audience is skeptical ○ Peer testimony ■ Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic ■ Ordinary people ■ Personal viewpoint ○ Quoting vs paraphrasing ■ Direct quotation ● Testimony that is presented word for word ■ Paraphrase ● Restate or summarize a source’s ideas in one’s own words ■ Quoting out of context ● Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it ○ Quote or paraphrase accurately, use qualified sources, use from unbiased sources, identify the people you quote or paraphrase

Chapter 12 ● ● ● ● ●

Denotative meaning ○ Literal, dictionary meaning of a word Connotative meaning ○ The set of associations implied by a word in addition to its literal meaning Concrete words ○ Words that refer to tangible objects Abstract words ○ Words that refer to ideas or concepts Vivid language ○ Imagery ■ The use of vivid language to create mental objects, actions or ideas

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Metaphor ■ Implicit comparison (no like or as) between two things that are essentially different, yet have something else in common ○ Simile ■ An explicit comparison between two things using “like” or “as” ○ Cliche ■ An overused expression ○ Rhythm ■ The pattern of a sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words ○ Parallelism ■ Similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words or phrases ○ Repetition ■ Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive sentences ○ Alliteration ■ Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close adjoining words ○ Antithesis ■ The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure Inclusive language ○ Avoid the generic “he”, avoid the use of “man” referring to men and women, avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender, use names that groups use to identify themselves

Chapter 16 ● ● ● ●

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Mental dialogue ○ The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech Question of fact ○ A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion Question of value ○ A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action Question of policy ○ A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken ○ Immediate action versus passive agreement ○ Must account for three solvency issues ■ Need ● Burden of proof ● Demonstrating the problem exists ■ Plan ● Solution ■ Practicality ● How is it practical Problem-solution order

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Method or organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem ○ Passive agreement ○ Intro, problem, solution, conclusion Problem-cause-solution order ○ Method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem ○ Passive agreement ○ Intro, problem, cause, solution, conclusion Comparative advantages order ○ Method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker’s solution to a problem is preferable to the other proposed solutions Monroe’s motivated sequence ○ Method or organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action ○ Motivated sequence include attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action ○ Immediate action

Chapter 17 ●

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Ethos ○ Used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility ○ Initial credibility ■ Credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak ○ Derived credibility ■ Credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says does during a speech ○ Terminal credibility ■ The credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech Logos ○ Aristotle ○ Logical appeal of a speaker ○ Evidence ○ Reasoning ■ The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence ■ From specific instances ● Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion ■ From principle ● Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion ■ Causal reasoning ● Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effect ■ Analogical reasoning

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Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

Pathos ○ Aristotle - emotional appeal Fallacies ○ An error in reasoning ○ Hasty generalization ■ reaching a conclusion from either too little or nonexistent evidence. (Think about inductive—specific to general—reasoning). To make a valid inductive argument, you need to cite several specific instances to make a general conclusion, not just one specific instance. If you do the latter, you are committing a hasty generalization. Often times, hasty generalizations are the result of stereotypes. ○ False Cause ■ Often known as post hoc, ergo propter hoc, which means “after this, therefore because of this.” False Cause assumes that because one event happened before another that first necessarily caused the second when the two things/events are actually unrelated. ○ Invalid (or False) Analogy: ■ This fallacy occurs when two cases are being compared, but they aren’t essentially alike. Be wary of analogies in general. To compare two things, they must be inherently similar. ○ Bandwagon: ■ A fallacy that assumes that if something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. Bandwagon fallacy can also assume that threat of rejection is substituted for evidence (think peer pressure). ○ Red Herring: ■ A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. ○ Ad Hominem: ■ A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. Attacking someone’s religious beliefs, sexual orientation, or race to diminish their authority on an argument. ○ Either/Or: ■ Arguing that there are only two approaches to solving a problem. This can also occur when a speaker presents an artificial range of choices (i.e. the choices presented appear to be the only ones available when in reality, they are not). ○ Slippery Slope: ■ A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented. ○ Appeal to Tradition: ■ A fallacy that assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

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Appeal to Novelty: This fallacy is the opposite of Appeal to Tradition. An Appeal to Novelty is a fallacy that assumes something new is automatically better than something old.

Chapter 19 ●

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Small group ○ Collection of three to twelve people who assemble for a specific purpose ○ Dyad ■ A group of two people ○ Problem-solving small group ■ A small group formed to solve a particular problem ○ Leadership ■ The ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group ○ Implied leader ■ A group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality ○ Emergent leader ■ A group member who emerges as a leader during the group’s deliberations ○ Designated leader ■ A person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed ○ Procedural needs ■ Routine “housekeeping” actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group ○ Task needs ■ Substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task ○ Maintenance needs ■ Communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group ○ Hidden agenda ■ Set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole Reflective thinking method ○ A five step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group ■ 1. Define the problem ● Question of policy ○ A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken ■ 2. Analyze the problem ■ 3. Establish criteria for solving the problem ● Criteria ○ Standards on which a judgement or decision can be based ■ 4. Generating potential solutions ● Brainstorming

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A method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts 5. Selecting the best solution ● Consensus ○ A group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group

Presenting ○ Oral report ■ A speech presenting the findings, conclusions, or decisions of a small group ○ Symposium ■ A public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic ○ Panel discussion ■ A structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience...