Public Speaking Fallacies PDF

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Study notes for final Dr. Burke...

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Public Speaking Fallacies -The red herring is as much a debate tactic as it is a logical fallacy. It is a fallacy of distraction, and is committed when a listener attempts to divert an arguer from hisargument by introducing another topic. This is to divert attention to other things Example: We haven’t given our employees raises in four years, but we have been striving for great customer service. The service is great, but they are trying to distract from the fact the company has not given raises.

-Ad hominem (Latin for "to the person"), short for argumentum ad hominem, is a fallaciousargumentative strategy whereby genuine discussion of the topic at hand is avoided by instead attacking the character, motive, or other attribute of the person making the argument, or persons associated with the argument, rather ... Example: This is used in court many times to help prove a shadow of a doubt. Lawyers attack a defendents character to help their case. Either/Or Fallacy (also called "the Black-and-White Fallacy," "Excluded Middle," "False Dilemma," or "False Dichotomy"): This fallacy occurs when a writer builds an argument upon the assumption that there are only two choices or possible outcomes when actually there are several. Example:We must either fund make a wish or fund humane society. It is possible to fund both, but it’s made out to be a one or the other situation. Bandwagon is a fallacy based on the assumption that the opinion of the majority is always valid: Example: Everyone else Likes the patriots because they win, why shouldn’t I? Slippery Slope is a specific type of logical fallacy. ... There are many different types of logical fallacy.Slippery slope is one example of a fallacy. It is an argument that suggests taking a minor action will lead to major and sometimes ludicrous consequences. Slippery slope is when people feel that a minor action will lead to ludicrous consequences. Example: If I give you a refill on your drink, I have to do it for everyone. The appeal to novelty (also called argumentum ad novitatem) is a fallacy in which one prematurely claims that an idea or proposal is correct or superior, exclusively because it is new and modern.

Example: The new Iphone is out! Even though it does one new thing, I have to buy it because it’s the newest trend A hasty generalization is a fallacy in which a conclusion is not logically justified by sufficient or unbiased evidence. It's also called an insufficient sample, a converse accident, a faulty generalization, a biased generalization, jumping to a conclusion, secundum quid, and a neglect of qualifications Example: I ate bread yesterday and feel sick two days later, that must mean the bread made me sick. The questionable cause—also known as causalfallacy, false cause, or non causa pro causa ("non-cause for cause" in Latin)—is a category of informalfallacies in which a cause is incorrectly identified. An example that clearly states what false cause is can be given by, Every time I go to sleep, the sun goes down.

Example I used to enjoy eating at this restaurant, but ever since they hired that new hostess, the food is not nearly so good. A False analogy is an informal fallacy. It applies to inductive arguments. It is an informal fallacy because the error is about what the argument is about, and not the argument itself. An analogy proposes that two concepts which are similar (A and B) have a common relationship to some property.

That group of teenagers is up to no good - they are out after dark, and they are wearing dark clothes and baggy pants. (Reality: This is a stereotype - the group of teenagers could be a sports team or church group.) Appeal to Tradition is a type of logical fallacy in which something is accepted as true or better because it's the "way it's always been done." ... It is just believed to be better because it is the traditional belief or course of action. I use a flip phone because I don’t want to try something new....