Task 4 Assignment 1 Resub PDF

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Manisha Dhadwal

Task 4: Research and discuss the relationship between the structure and function of lipids and carbohydrates. Insert you own notes and diagrams below. Include: Details about the general roles of lipids and link this to their biological function. Information about phosphatidycholine  Information about triacylglycerol.

Lipids are large molecules which are made up of long chains of hydrocarbons. Lipids include things such as fats, oils and waxes. The lipids can be found in a variety of placed in the body, including the blood and also the body tissues. They are composed of hydrogen, carbon and also oxygen and are made from glycerol and fatty acids. The carbon and hydrogen bonds which are present are non-polar covalent. This means that the lipids are fat soluble and can’t dissolve in water. The lipids provide insulation to keep the body warm, the lipids also absorb hormones and the lipids are also used to make hormones. Another role of the lipids is that they protect the organs by cushioning them. These general roles of the lipids link them to the functions which there are many of depending on the different lipids. There are lipids such as waxes which have the primary function of protection. Waxes are found in places such as leaves, human ears and also on animal feathers. (Med-health.net, 2015) Triacylglycerol Triglycerides which have the main function of storage in the body, the triglycerides are able to move around in the cells cytoplasm as they have a density which is lower than water. A triacylglycerol is a specific form of lipid which is found in the blood it’s one of the main lipids which is digested into the human body. When it is taken into the body from the foods eaten, it converts the calories which aren’t needed into triacylglycerol’s which are stored in the fat cells and released later by the hormones when the energy is needed by the body. The fat cells are found in many places in the body and also are made naturally in the body. It’s mainly found underneath the skin, it is also found at the top of the kidneys this is as they provide cushioning to the kidneys. Some fat is also stored in the liver and some smaller molecules can be found in the muscles. They are stored inside of the fatty tissues. The structure of the triglycerides is a OH group, this functional group is known as a group of 3 fatty acids. The function of the triglycerides is to store the unused calories, they also provide the energy which is needed in the body, they consist of long hydrocarbon chains which have a lot of energy; this means that there would be more energy which would be released. This means that the there would be a lot of energy in a small amount of place. A triacylglycerol has ester bonds which are formed between the OH groups and the functional fatty acid groups. The lipid which is made up of a glycerol and also 3 fatty acids. The triacylglycerol’s are the form in which the fat energy is stored in adipose tissue. Triacylglycerol’s are used to produce more energy. This is as the structure of the triacylglycerol’s allows this to happen. This is as the triacylglycerol is made out of 3 fatty acids and also 1 glycerol molecule making it bigger and more functional to the functions it can carry out. The unused calories are stored in the triglycerides and when its need they provide the energy needed within the body as well as producing it. The structure of the triglycerides gives it a large surface area as the fatty acid chains are long. This makes it easier for the fat to be broken down. This then makes it easier for the energy in the body to be transferred and transported around the body. One of the fatty acids is equal to one molecule of energy. 1

Manisha Dhadwal

Therefore as there are 3 fatty acids molecules present in the phospholipid, which means that there is 3 times the energy present. The ester bonds which are formed in the lipids are able to be broken down by a hydrolysis reaction. This is when the water is added and then the energy is released in the form of ATP when the fatty acids go through respiration. The energy is released in the form of ATP through the cellular respiration which takes place for this to be able to happen.

Fig 1; This is the structure of a triacylglycerol (Rpi.edu, 2015)

Phospholipids Phospholipids are another type of lipid which have the function of being part of the cell membranes which is done by the water being attracted and repelled. Phospholipids are found in cell membranes, they are made up of 2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol and also 1 phosphate group. The polar head region of the molecule is hydrophilic, meaning that its attracted to water and the fatty acid tail is hydrophilic, meaning that its repels water which forms a phospholipid bilayer. The structure and the function of the phospholipids are both link together as the cell membrane of the cell. The glucose is transferred and goes through as a result of this.

Fig 2; phospholipid bilayer (Freethought-forum.com)

The phospholipids form a lipid bilayer, this is when they are lined up and are arranged into 2 parallel lines. When this lipid bilayer is formed, it forms the membranes of the cells and is vital for the cell to function. The lipid bilayer only allows certain molecules which are able to diffuse across the membrane of the cell in order to enter or exit the cell. Phosphalycholine is 50% of the type of the lipids found in humans. (Moodle2.halesowen.ac.uk, 2015) The head group of the phosphalycholine is made out of phosphate, choline and also glycerol, it has a polar covalent bond, means that it is hydrophilic, meaning that it’s attracted to water. The other head group which is present in the lipid is non-polar covalent, this means that its hydrophobic meaning that it repels water. Overall the phosphalycholine contains two hydrophobic uncharged ends and also one hydrophilic charged end. Fig 3; phosphatidylcholine (Rpi.edu, 2015) 2

Manisha Dhadwal

Details about the general roles of carbohydrates and link this to their biological function. Information about cellulose Information about glycogen.

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, oxygen and also hydrogen. The general roles of the carbohydrates in the body are to supply energy. Another one of the roles of the carbohydrates is to provide fuel in the body and also to support with the structure. There are different types of carbohydrates which are present in the body, these are monosaccharides. The monosaccharides are simple sugars and in there are the same amount of carbon and oxygen atoms are present. The formula for monosaccharides usually is (CH2O)n the value n is between 3 and 7 Glucose has 6 carbon and 6 oxygen’s present which means it’s a hexose sugar. There are 2 types of glucose; there is α glucose and β glucose. Both of these types of glucose are very similar, they both have the OH groups on different sides of the ring. The α glucose has the functional OH group below the ring, whereas the β glucose has the functional OH group above the ring. There are also sugars with 5 carbons, these are known as pentose sugars. Examples of pentose sugars are ribose which is found in the RNA and also deoxyribose which is found in the DNA. The ribose has one OH group and also one 1 H atom attached to carbon2 however the deoxyribose doesn’t have an OH group, instead it has 2 H atoms instead.

(Wps.prenhall.com, 2015) Fig4; This is the structure if ribose and deoxyribose

There are also disaccharides, these are soluble in water and also form sweet sugars. When the monomers are bonded together, this is when the condensation reaction occurs and water is produced. When the monomers are bonded together, monosaccharides are formed through the glyosidic bonds which were formed. Examples of disaccharides are: glucose + glucose = maltose. The glycosidic bonds which are present are the 1-4 and 1-6. The 1-4 bonds are long, straight bonds which are long, straight and also rigid. They are rotated at 180 degrees; this is as the H joins with the OH which is on the opposite side. In the plants, the food is stored in the form of starch and in animals this is stored in the form of glycogen. The bonds which are present in the alpha glucose are hydrogen bonds, these bonds hold together the alpha glucose molecules. The glycogen is used as a storage molecule in the body. This is as it is easily broken down. The 1-6 glycosidic bonds gives the glycogen a structure of a branched chain and it is also insoluble, meaning that it can only be dissolved by certain solvents. The 1-4 glycosidic bonds are tightly coiled, the bonds are long and straight and have a rigid structure. The glycogen is hydrolysed to form the alpha glucose which is required for the respiration to take place in the body. The glycogen is broken down so that the glucose molecules are able to be sent into the blood stream when the energy is needed this is so they are able to get to the specific cells. This is due to the 1-6 glycosidic bonds being easily accessed.

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Manisha Dhadwal

The glycogen contains a lot of the 1-6 glyosidic bonds, this makes the structure more branched and also gives it a larger surface area, which makes it easier for the more energy to be obtained. The glycogen is a lot less dense than the starch and is also a lot more soluble. Due to this it can be broken down quicker this is required as the metabolic requirements in animals are a lot larger than they are in the plants. Fig 5; This is the structure of glycogen. (Www2.estrellamountain.edu, 2015) The structure of the glycogen links it to the function of glycogen which have more 1-6 glycosidic bonds mean that they are branched more easily and quickly. The carbohydrates also compose the plants structures. Examples of this is cellulose which is used to make up the cell wall in the plants and it is also the main part of plant cell walls. Cellulose is made up of beta glucose and it is also a polysaccharide which are made up of many B glucose monosaccharides which are joined together by glycosidic bonds and it is a structural molecule it is also a strong molecule which prevents the cells from bursting when there has been excess water taken in. The type of chain which is contained within the cellulose is an unbranched chain, this is instead of the cellulose being coiled. The cellulose is also insoluble, which means that only some solvents are dissolved by the cellulose. The cellulose consists of long beta glucose chain molecules which are held together and joined by 1-4 glyosidic bonds. The beta glucose forms long, straight and rigid molecules, and every other one of the glucose molecules has been rotated by 180 degrees. This is due to the hydrogen bonds being involved, however alone these bonds are weak however these bonds are made stronger when there are more of hydrogen bonds. Cellulose contains of many hydrogen bonds between the chains, this makes the structure stronger. Cellulose is used to keep the stems of the plants rigid and straight. In the cellulose, there are cellulose fibres which the go into the microfibrils and then go into the macrofibrillis, from this there are strings of fibril and then the chains of the cellulose molecules can be seen. This can be seen in in fig 7.

(Microbewiki.kenyon .edu, 2015) Fig 6; This is the structure of

Manisha Dhadwal

Fig 7; This a more developed picture of the structure of cellulose, this shows how the cellulose chains are linked. (Moodle2.halesowen.ac .uk, 2015)

References Rpi.edu, (2015). Lipid Catabolism. [online] Available at: [Accessed 19 Apr. 2015]. Med-health.net, (2015). Functions of Lipids | Med-Health.net. [online] Available at: http://www.med-health.net/Function-Of-Lipids.html [Accessed 19 Apr. 2015]. Www2.estrellamountain.edu, (2015). the digestive system. [online] Available at: http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookDIGEST.html [Accessed 23 Apr. 2015]. Microbewiki.kenyon.edu, (2015). Clostridium cellulolyticum H10 - MicrobeWiki. [online] Available at: http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Clostridium_cellulolyticum_H10 [Accessed 23 Apr. 2015]. Rpi.edu, (2015). Lipids & Membranes. [online] Available at: https://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/lipid.htm [Accessed 17 May 2015]. Wps.prenhall.com, (2015). [online] Available at: http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/3085/3159329/blb2509/25-31a.jpg [Accessed 21 May 2015]. Moodle2.halesowen.ac.uk, (2015). Halesowen College: Log in to the site. [online] Available at: https://moodle2.halesowen.ac.uk/moodle/course/view.php?id=411 [Accessed 22 May 2015].

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