TB1 Chapter 7- Multiple Choice PDF

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1. A) B) C) D)

2. A) B) C) D)

Psychologists define learning as the process of adapting to the environment. responding to external stimuli. rewarding behavioral responses. acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors.

Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of discrimination. generalization. learning. spontaneous recovery.

A) B) C) D)

When voting, people are more likely to support taxes to aid education if their assigned 3. voting place is in a school. This best illustrates the impact of spontaneous recovery. unconditioned responses. learned associations. behaviorism.

A) B) C) D)

If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with 4. water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates spontaneous recovery. associative learning. observational learning. operant conditioning.

A) B) C) D)

5. Conditioning is the process of discrimination. spontaneous recovery. learning associations. observational learning.

6. A) B) C) D)

In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that triggers imitation. signals a reward. elicits operant behavior. evokes a response.

A) B) C) D)

Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a(n) unconditioned response. generalization. acquisition. stimulus.

A) B) C) D)

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric 8. can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate operant conditioning. spontaneous recovery. classical conditioning. observational learning.

7.

9. A) B) C) D)

10. A) B) C) D)

Respondent behavior is defined as a(n) ________ response to some stimulus. novel operant automatic generalized

Classically conditioned habits are said to involve observational learning. respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery. operant behavior.

11. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

Children often learn to associate their pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of 12. a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying observational learning. respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery. operant conditioning.

13. A) B) C) D)

Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior? studying for a test blushing when embarrassed thanking someone for their help sniffing to locate the source of a strange odor

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing outcomes are called respondent behaviors. associative behaviors. operant behaviors. conditioned responses.

A) B) C) D)

When Henry's little brother accidentally locked himself inside his mother's car, Henry 14. used his mother's car key to unlock the door. Henry's action could best be described as a(n) unconditioned response. respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery. operant behavior.

A) B) C) D)

The acquisition of mental information by 15. observing events, watching others, or through language is called classical conditioning. cognitive learning. operant conditioning. shaping.

A) B) C) D)

Learning specific behaviors simply by watching others perform them is known as behaviorism. spontaneous recovery. observational learning. operant conditioning.

A) B) C) D)

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the 17. first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates higher-order conditioning. spontaneous recovery. respondent behavior. observational learning.

A) B) C) D)

The type of learning in which one comes to 18. associate two stimuli and thereby anticipate events is called respondent behavior. classical conditioning. spontaneous recovery. operant conditioning.

16.

19. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by John B. Watson. Rosalie Rayner. John Locke. Ivan Pavlov.

20. John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n) physiological psychologist. cognitive psychologist. behaviorist. psychoanalyst.

A) B) C) D)

John B. Watson would have expressed the 21. greatest disapproval of attempts to scientifically study whether consumer buying habits are influenced by newspaper advertisements. worker productivity is influenced by hourly wage rates. academic achievement is influenced by a positive self-concept. aggressive behavior is influenced by threats of punishment.

A) B) C) D)

After spending two decades studying the digestive system, ________ realized that 22. certain “psychic secretions” pointed to a fundamental form of learning. John Locke Rosalie Rayner John B. Watson Ivan Pavlov

A) B) C) D)

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful 23. rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol? cognitive learning classical conditioning observational learning operant conditioning

24. A) B) C) D)

The “psychic secretions” that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were unconditioned responses. unconditioned stimuli. conditioned responses. conditioned stimuli.

A) B) C) D)

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that 25. elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n) unconditioned stimulus. secondary conditioner. neutral stimulus. primary conditioner.

26. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

Before learning painfully that the sound of a buzzing bee signaled she was about to be 27. stung, Sara felt no fear in response to the buzzing sound. At that time the sound of the buzzing bee was most clearly a(n) conditioned stimulus. neutral stimulus. conditioned response. unconditioned stimulus.

28. A) B) C) D)

29. A) B) C)

Before Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, the tone was a(n) conditioned stimulus. unconditioned stimulus. partial conditioner. neutral stimulus.

Which of the following is an unconditioned response? playing jump rope running through a maze to get a food reward sweating in hot weather clapping after a thrilling concert performance

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was a tone. salivation to the sound of a tone. the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.

D)

salivation to the food in the mouth.

A) B) C) D)

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are 30. repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n) unconditioned stimulus. unconditioned response. conditioned stimulus. conditioned response.

A) B) C) D)

In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food 31. triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the taste of food was a(n) conditioned response. unconditioned response. unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus.

A) B) C) D)

In Pavlov's experiments, the sound of the tone 32. triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n) conditioned response. unconditioned stimulus. unconditioned response. conditioned stimulus.

33. A) B) C) D)

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n) conditioned response. unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned response.

A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with 34. the delivery of food. In this case, the tone is called a(n)

A) B) C) D)

unconditioned stimulus. primary conditioner. conditioned stimulus. neutral stimulus.

A) B) C) D)

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. 35. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a US. CS. UR. CR.

A) B) C) D)

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which 36. the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called discrimination. acquisition. generalization. spontaneous recovery.

37. A) B) C) D)

A) B)

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of a neutral stimulus. generalization. an unconditioned stimulus. operant behavior.

In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a 38. ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________. US; CS UR; CR

C) D)

CS; US CR; UR

A) B) C) D)

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with 39. food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light five seconds before the food. half a second before the food. at precisely the same time as the food. a half-second after the food.

A) B) C) D)

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated 40. with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a UR. US. CR. CS.

41. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arousal if presented shortly after an appropriate UR. after an appropriate US. before an appropriate UR. before an appropriate US.

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second 42. (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates discrimination. spontaneous recovery. extinction. higher-order conditioning.

A) B) C) D)

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________. UR; CR CS; UR US; UR CS; US

A) B) C) D)

At one time Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one. With subsequent repeated exposure to tame dogs in 44. safe settings, however, his fear of dogs has gradually faded. Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates higher-order conditioning. spontaneous recovery. extinction. acquisition.

43.

45. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

After a scary biking accident, Alex extinguished his conditioned fear of bikes by cycling on a safe biking trail every day for a 46. week. The reappearance of his previously extinguished fear when he rode a bike on the same trail two weeks later best illustrates discrimination. operant behavior. generalization. spontaneous recovery.

47. A)

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called generalization. spontaneous recovery. discrimination. higher-order conditioning.

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction the CS is eliminated.

B) C) D)

the CR is eliminated. the CS is suppressed. the CR is suppressed.

A) B) C) D)

In classical conditioning, generalization refers 48. to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the unconditioned stimulus. respondent behavior. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned response.

A) B) C) D)

Two-year-old Philip was recently clawed by 49. the neighbor's cat. Philip now fears all small animals. His fear demonstrates the process of generalization. operant conditioning. spontaneous recovery. extinction.

A) B) C) D)

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when 50. stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates spontaneous recovery. an unconditioned response. an operant behavior. generalization.

A) B) C) D)

Compared with nonabused children, those children who have experienced a history of 51. abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face. This best illustrates operant behavior. generalization. spontaneous recovery. discrimination.

A) B) C) D)

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of 52. the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of spontaneous recovery. discrimination. an unconditioned response. generalization.

A) B) C) D)

Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bed-wetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he senses 53. an urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate observational learning. generalization. spontaneous recovery. an unconditioned response.

A) B) C) D)

The ability to distinguish between a 54. conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called acquisition. discrimination. generalization. spontaneous recovery.

A) B) C) D)

Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by 55. a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of operant behavior. discrimination. higher-order conditioning. spontaneous recovery.

A) B) C) D)

her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of higher-order conditioning. extinction. discrimination. spontaneous recovery.

A) B) C) D)

Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning were most clearly valuable because they 57. provided the young discipline of psychology with a model of animal consciousness. scientific methodology. cognitive processes. introspection.

56.

58. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning. so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned. it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning. all learning depends on respondent behavior.

Just after they taste a sweet liquid, mice are injected with a drug that produces an immune 59. response. Later, the taste of the sweet liquid by itself triggers an immune response. This best illustrates operant conditioning. spontaneous recovery. classical conditioning. observational learning.

A) B) C) D)

a brain injury, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the 60. delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a US. UR. CS. CR.

61. A) B) C) D)

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears can interfere with the process of learning. can be extinguished. are acquired through observational learning. may be produced through classical conditioning.

A) B) C) D)

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert 62. responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of observational learning. generalization. operant conditioning. spontaneous recovery.

A) B) C) D)

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became 63. afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear. unconditional response conditioned stimulus secondary conditioner unconditioned stimulus

A)

Comedian-writer Mark Malkoff reported that his fear of flying faded after he faced his fear 64. and lived on an airplane for 30 days. His reduction of fear best illustrated the process of operant conditioning.

B) C) D)

extinction. spontaneous recovery. generalization.

65. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual 66. because she feels less anxious when she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of generalization. classical conditioning. discrimination. operant conditioning.

67. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences? primary conditioning classical conditioning operant conditioning delayed conditioning

A type of learning in which behavior is diminished if followed by a punisher is called delayed conditioning. classical conditioning. secondary conditioning. operant conditioning.

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and 68. behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. This principle is called discrimination. intermittent reinforcement. spontaneous recovery. the law of effect.

69.

B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called

A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

shaping. conditioned reinforcement. the law of effect. resistance to extinction.

70. A Skinner box is a(n) aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors. “slot machine” used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices. chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward. television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of operant conditioning.

A) B) C) D)

An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n) conditioned stimulus. unconditioned stimulus. reinforcement. operant behavior.

A) B) C) D)

If bears find insects after they move decaying logs, they more frequently move decaying 72. logs. This most clearly indicates that finding insects is a reinforcement. respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery. classically conditioned habit.

A) B) C) D)

73. Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure. spontaneous recovery operant conditioning classical conditioning positive punishment

71.

74. A) B) C) D)

Shaping is a procedure in which reinforcers are designed to evoke respondent behavior. interspersed with punishers to speed the process of learning. used to guide actions closer and closer to a desired behavior. given on a variable-ratio schedule.

D)

You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to fear cars in the street. dislike the taste of dead birds. wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited. retrieve sticks and balls.

A) B) C) D)

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, 76. then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of successive approximations. delayed reinforcement. classical conditioning. secondary reinforcement.

A) B) C) D)

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives 77. him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of secondary reinforcement. delayed reinforcement. spontaneous recovery. shaping.

75. A) B) C)

78. A) B) C) D)

An event or situation signaling that an operant response will be reinforced is called a(n) shaping stimulus. unconditioned stimulus. primary re...