Test 2 Cheat Sheet - Summary (GEOG 1302) Introduction to Human Geography PDF

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Chapter 4: People and Nature o Hydropower = dams provide energy but contribute to degradation by hurting the population (salmon in NW) Geography is divided into 3 ways: human, physical, and nature o Nature shapes Society and Society shapes nature o Nuclear Reactors = concentrated in core countries; France = 59 reactors, 77% output, US = 104 reactors, 20% output Many environmental issues identified in the past are still problems Impacts of Land-Use Change on the Environment today o Many worries that technology can’t fix all solutions or in time o Conversion  wholesale transformation if land from one use to another (deforestation) Nature  social creation as much as it is the physical universe that includes humans o Modification  altering or existing cover (cows over grazing a Society  sum of the inventions, institutions, and relationships created pasture but vegetation could return) Technology is physical objects, activities, and knowledge/know-how (not o Desertification  spread of desert conditions just computers and machines) I = PAT Greening: transforming a space to be more environmentally friendly I = Impact on Earth’s resources, P = Population, A = Affluence (per capita (wetland restoration); conversion/modification income), T = Technology Water Use and Access: virtual water, global water crisis, privatization Cultural Ecology: study of how human society has adapted to Energy resources = key concern as periphery is industrialized environmental challenges (related to adaptation and how over-adaptation Chapter 5: Cultural Geographies leading to over farming and pollution) Cultural geographers  interested in how place and space shape culture Social production of nature – no place on earth is untouched by humans and vice versa (not on a local scale) Culture  group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people Ex. Fossil fuels contributing to climate change which has led to Culture not attached to a specific place is something that is constantly environmental effects changing Environmental problems become inseparable from processes of Geographers mostly focus on material culture humans Geographers seek to understand: Political Ecology: stresses human-environment relations can only be truly 1. Space, place, and landscape understood through political and economic factors 2. Ongoing process o Nature as a construct: Dominance of western (Judeo-Christian) 3. Two-way relationship between geography and culture tradition (people have a God-given right to do what they want 4. Role of politics and economy in culture with the world) 5. Global patters of cultural traits Henry David Thoreau — Walden: credited as originator of U.S. ecological Culture  producing shared meanings and practices philosophy; Romanticism of interdependence of humans and nature Geography  setting where groups shape these to form identity Ralph Waldo Emerson – proponent of Transcendentalism (Humans are goodPopular Culture  practices and meaning systems produced by large but corrupted by society so we must remove ourselves from nature to be groups of people whose norms change frequently cleansed) Folk Culture  traditional practices of small groups, especially rural people George Perkins Marsh – Man & Nature, as modified by Human Action with a simple lifestyle (Amish) Gifford Pinchot & Theodore Roosevelt – nature should be conserved Carl Sauer and the Berkley School: understand material culture by its Conservation  holds that natural resources should be used wisely; limit manifestation in the landscape (cultural landscape) use so they’re available Geographers also examine: Preservation  certain habitats should be off limits; don’t use resources 1. Cultural Trait: single aspect of complex routine that constitute a Ecoterrorism  radical form of preservation particular group (Thanksgiving turkey) Environmental Ethics  perspective that prescribes moral principles as 2. Cultural Complex: a group of traits that are all interrelated and guidance dominated by one particular trait (football, nationalism, passage Ecofeminism  movement that combines ecological concerns with from childhood into adulthood) feminist ones 3. Cultural Region: area within a particular cultural system o These feelings state that issues come from male dominance of Cultural System: broader than a cultural complex; collection of components society that shape a groups collective identity: (traits, kinship, tribe, territorial affiliation, shared history, language) Deep Ecology  humans realize that we are part system o Kinship: a relationship based on blood and marriage Environmental Justice – movement that considers pollution as a result of structured and institutionalized inequality as a result of a capitalist o Tribes: social identity attached to a particular group that describes economic system (i.e. Flint Water Crisis) loyalty and political action o Very little disagreement that European colonization of New World Culture is often based on specific traits that help describes someone’s sense was responsible for disease introduction (guns, germs, and steel); of identity Virgin Soil Epidemics Place  socially constructed through several elements Ecological Imperialism – introduction of new plants and animals to a new Gender is socially constructed: what it means to be male or female changes ecosystem (Colombian Exchange) over time and is both part of identity or expression Greenhouse Gases: water, vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, Intersectionality how different forms or oppression, domination, or chlorofluorocarbons, ozone discrimination overlap Ethnicity  socially constructed system of rules o Natural and anthropogenic causes that belong to a group based on perceived religion and customs How do people look at Climate change? Racialization  categorizing people according to race or imposing racial o global temperature, sea-ice cover, atmospheric CO2 increasing , character or context (whiteness, Blackophobia, white supremacy, white sea level rising privilege, rap music) Culture appropriation  inappropriate adoption of How do people try and combat climate change? customs, practices, ideas etc. (borrowing someone else’s culture in neg. o Non- renewable vs. Renewable energy source way)

Knowledge acquired through filter of personal and group characteristics Ex. Children and their environment Muslim children in Sudanese village had set roles in the community Globalization changes subsistence ag to cash crops Children kept out of school to work the fields More crops = less trees Wealthier families begin to buy wood off of children Globalization changed the whole dynamic of education & work Globalization changes subsistence ag to cash crops Fusion Language: developed through influences from several languages Children kept out of school to work the fields Linguistic drift: process of ransom changes to language as new words are More crops = less trees adopted Wealthier families begin to buy wood off of children Mutually intelligible: different language similar enough to understand Globalization changed the whole dynamic of education & work Language families: collection of languages believed to be related in prehistoric origin **Humans have an innate sense of territoriality (persistent attachment of individuals or peoples to a specific location or territory** English is a link language that is used for higher education, government, Ethology  study of the formation and evolution of human customs and beliefs and major business Theory  we have genetic traits that emphasize the need for territory o Lingua franca  common language among speakers with People start to attach social and cultural meanings to a personal different native languages space o Majority and Minority  official language vs. maintain ties to Unwritten social territorial rules: past Humans develop certain space claiming strategies (i.e. professor Slang: language that consists of non-standard words or phrases stands in the front of the room) Sensual language: ways to communicate when no written form of Proxemics  deals with the amount of space that people feel it communication exists necessary to set themselves from others Religion  belief system and set of practices that recognizes a higher Bubbles tend to grow around strangers and shrink in crowded spaces power Territoriality covers property rights, reach of governments, corporations Diaspora: spatial dispersion of a previously homogeneous group and operations Judaism and Christianity began in present day Israel and Jordan It meets needs that people have o Diffusion of Christianity helped by missionizing and imperialism o Regulation of social interaction o Judaism has remained numerically small o Regulation of access to people and resources o Hinduism emerges from Indo-Gangetic Plain o Provision of a focus and symbol of membership and o Buddhism evolved from Hinduism around 500 BC identity Religiosity- sociological term describes aspects of religious activity, Insiders and outsiders: people who are part of and immersed in a culture dedication, and belief vs. those who are not Sociopathic dialectic  mutually interacting process whereby people Cargo cults: belief that certain actions will lead to bestowing of material shape the structure of cities at the same time are affected by structure of wealth The influence of modern communication has led to the spread of religion those cities Fundamental element of construction of space = existential imperative Islam  “submission to God’s will” o Believe in the purpose to serve and worship God and adhere to for people to define themselves in relation to world Always results in the creation of social norms that people are social order; recognizes the prophets of the Bible, but expected to follow Muhammad is last prophet 2 important aspects of cognitive images: simplify and distort Muslim  member of the community whose duty it is to obey and submit Paths: channels along which they move to God’s will (1 billion) Edges: barriers that separate one area from one another Fundamentalism  describes the desire to return to strict adherence of Districts: areas with identifiable character fundamental principles of religion Nodes = strategic points and foci for travel (i.e. intersection, bus Shi’i Muslims: leadership should have passed directly to stop) decedents Landmark = physical reference point; part of an ordinary Sunni Muslims: new leader should be elected landscape; stands out in landscape Islamism is an anti-core political movement characterized by moral More information = more detailed cognitive images conservatism, literalism, and attempt to implement Islamic values to all Various reasons contribute to “lack of information” (reason to not spheres of life ---- This is a religious movement venture out of your home) Holy Sites: Vatican  Roman Catholic administration Many places are avoided because of cognitive images Jerusalem  Christian and Islamic sacred space Topophilia: the love of or emotional connections with place or physical Pilgrimages: journey to a sacred space (Mormons to Utah, Muslims to environment Hajj/Mecca) Derelict landscapes  have experienced abandonment, misuse, or Chapter 7: Interpreting Places and Landscapes vandalism Interdependence between people and environment, shapes, Ordinary (Vernacular)  reflective of ordinary life (what makes College attitudes/behavior Station unique, Queen in Bryan) Other Forms of Identity: geography of disability, children’s geographies, geographies of childhood Chapter 6: Language, Religion and Communication Language  central aspect of cultural identity Official Language – maintained by government Mother tongue – language person learned from birth Linguists  people who study languages Dialects  regional variations in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary

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Symbolic Landscapes  reflect certain ideas and values (White House) Funerary Landscape  created for burial...