Test 4 Summary - Psychology in Modules PDF

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a summary for all test 4 modules...

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Sensation and perception are parts of one continuous process. Sensation: The process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy. (The raw materials of experience) Perception: Top-down mental process of organizing and interpreting sensory input from experience and expectations. Signal detection theory: Predicts how and when we will detect a faint stimulus among background noise. Subliminal: Input, below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness Weber’s law: For an average person to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage. Perceptual set: Mental assumptions that affect what we hear, taste, feel, and see. (perceive one thing and not another) Retinal disparity is an important cue for perceiving distance. Macrophage: a type of white blood cells of the immune system that are formed in response to an infection or accumulating damaged or dead cells. Macrophages are large, specialized cells that recognize and destroy target cells. Biofeedback: a technique you can use to learn to control your body's functions, such as heart rate. With biofeedback, you're connected to electrical sensors that help you receive information (feedback) about your body (bio). The positive symptoms are so called because they are thinking or behaviour that the person with schizophrenia did not have before they became ill and so can be thought of as being added to their psyche. Positive symptoms include hallucinations such as hearing voices and delusions such as paranoid thoughts. Sluggishness, tremors, and twitches similar to those of Parkinson's disease are most likely to be associated with the excessive use of certain antipsychotic drugs. Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by involuntary muscle movements. (Antipsychotic) D-cycloserine helps relieve the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (Antianxiety). Ketamine is being explored as a quick-acting antidepressant drug that blocks receptor sites for the neurotransmitter glutamate. Cognitive therapy works, top-down, by changing thought processes. Antidepressant drugs work, bottom-up, on the emotion-forming limbic system.

Some research confirms that ECT works by weakening connections in a “hyper connected” neural hub in the left frontal lobe. Inserting a medical instrument through each eye socket was part of a procedure known as lobotomy. MRI-guided precision surgery is occasionally done to cut the brain circuits involved in severe cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Therapists' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are more likely to be overly positive because clients justify leaving therapy by emphasizing their psychological well-being. The best outcome studies for evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy typically use randomized clinical trials. Cognitive-behavior therapy: most effective in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. A common ingredient underlying the success of diverse psychotherapies is the client's expectation that psychotherapy will make things better. The approach that has helped children with autism spectrum disorder learn to interact successfully involves operant conditioning. Stress inoculation training focuses on helping people to replace negative self-talk with more positive comments. Clients have been found to benefit from participating in cognitive-behavioral therapy over the Internet. B lymphocytes inhibit bacterial infections, whereas T lymphocytes inhibit viral infections. Stress suppresses the release of lymphocytes. Receptor cells for kinesthesia are located in the tendons, joints, and muscles. The olfactory receptors are activated by airborne molecules. Cognitive appraisal is a personal interpretation of a situation and possible reactions to it. Psychogenic illnesses occur when organic malfunctioning and tissue damage are directly caused by a patient's anxiety or depression....