test bank - general psychology! GOOD FOR STUDYING PDF

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test bank - general psychology! GOOD FOR STUDYING...

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3 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. Which of the following is NOT a major question addressed by the dispositional domain? ฀ A. How many traits exist? B. How do traits interact with situations to produce behavior? C. How can we best measure traits? D. Which traits are unconscious?

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2. The dispositional domain deals with personality problems ฀ ฀ A. through psychoanalysis. B. through cognitive therapy. C. by examining important similarities and differences between people. D. by altering reward and punishment contingencies. 3. The dispositional domain focuses on traits that ฀ A. are enduring over time. B. change over time. C. change when situations change. D. are similar in all people.

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4. Which of the following is NOT a fundamental question of people who study traits? ฀ A. How can traits be changed? B. How should "trait" be defined? C. How can we identify which traits are most important? D. How can we develop a comprehensive taxonomy of traits?

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5. The "traits as causes" perspective on personality characteristics is useful in all of the following areas EXCEPT ฀ ฀ A. ruling out alternative explanations for behavior. B. explaining why a person's behavior seems inconsistent with a trait at times. C. viewing traits as internal structures. D. counting how often a behavior is performed. 6. Ellen works into the night studying for chemistry and biology examinations to reach her goal of entering medical school. She studies so hard that she often appears bored and uninterested in class. Which of the following trait formulations best explains Ellen's personality characteristics? ฀ ฀ A. Traits as internal causes. B. Traits as purely descriptive summary. C. Traits as biological structure. D. Traits as genetic predisposition. 7. From the "traits as descriptive summaries" point of view, which of the following would be the most convincing evidence that a person has a given trait? ฀ ฀ A. The person behaves in ways consistent with that trait. B. The person says that they have the trait. C. The person's behavior is caused by situations. D. The person's traits are caused by biology and heredity. 8. If the trait of stinginess is viewed as a purely descriptive summary of behavior, it can be represented best by ฀ ฀ A. Mary's constant thoughts about spending too much money. B. Andrew always leaving a very small tip at restaurants. C. Beth living with several roommates. D. George not contributing for a gift for a stranger.

9. Which of the following is an example of the view that traits are descriptive summaries? ฀ A. Eysenck's theory B. Theoretical scale construction C. The act frequency approach D. The sociosexual orientation scale

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10. If you collect the central behaviors for a category and assess how frequently people perform those behaviors you would be using the act _____ approach to studying personality. ฀ ฀ A. manipulation B. selection C. frequency D. analysis 11. A robin is a more _____ example of bird than is a penguin. ฀ A. prototypical B. aerodynamic C. orthodontic D. elemental

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12. The "frequency" part of the "act frequency approach" represents how often an individual performs a behavior in a period of time. This element of the act frequency approach is assessed by act _____ ratings. ฀ ฀ A. nomination B. performance C. occurrence D. repetition 13. The _____ identifies how much of a trait a person has by counting relevant behaviors. ฀ A. circumplex model B. act frequency approach C. rational approach to scale construction D. theoretical approach to scale construction 14. Which of the following is NOT typically a step in the act frequency approach? ฀ A. Act nominations B. Assessing synonym frequency C. Recording of act performance D. Prototypicality judgments

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15. What procedure do researchers use to identify the potential hundreds of acts that belong to a trait category? ฀ ฀ A. Act nominations B. Act effectiveness C. Act performance D. Act likelihood 16. Roberto is interested in studying the trait of empathy using the act frequency approach. He asks each of the participants in this phase of his study to write down several behaviors highly empathetic people might perform. Roberto collects a pool of 251 empathetic acts. This is called the act _____ procedure of the act frequency approach. ฀ ฀ A. nominalization B. nomenclature C. nomination D. nomothetic

17. _____ used by the act frequency approach to figure out which acts are most central to a trait category. ฀ A. Act nominations are B. Assessing synonym frequency is C. Recording of act performance is D. Prototypicality judgments are 18. If the act "she made direct eye contact and smiled" is central to the category of flirting, it would be considered a(n) _____ act for that category of behavior. ฀ ฀ A. effective B. likely C. prototypical D. centrifugal 19. Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of the act frequency approach to studying personality? ฀ ฀ A. The amount of context for the performance of acts is not specified by the act frequency approach. B. The act frequency approach does not assess acts that are covert or directly observable. C. The act frequency approach assesses explicit behavioral phenomenon. D. The act frequency approach may not assess complex traits easily or accurately. 20. The approach that uses natural language to identify important traits is the _____ approach. ฀ A. lexical B. theoretical C. statistical D. act frequency

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21. The idea that all important individual differences have been encoded within the natural language is known as ฀ ฀ A. the lexical hypothesis. B. the projective hypothesis. C. factor analysis. D. a personality taxonomy. 22. The lexical approach assumes that ฀ ฀ A. the lexicon is an unchanging catalog of human traits. B. humans invented words to describe all of the important personality traits. C. statistical techniques, like factor analysis, are poor ways of discovering important personality traits. D. new words in the lexicon are better at describing personality traits than old words. 23. Dr. Larsen is interested in researching the personalities of dweebs. He collects all the terms in the Dweeb Talk Dictionary that can differentiate one dweeb from another dweeb. Dr. Larsen is the using the ______ approach to identifying important traits. ฀ ฀ A. maniacal B. statistical C. prototypical D. lexical 24. If a trait-descriptive word is found in only one or two languages the word ฀ A. will probably be imported by other languages. B. will probably be important to a universal personality taxonomy. C. will probably not be included in a universal personality taxonomy. D. is probably known only to personality psychologists.

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25. Which of the following would be one way that you might determine the importance of a trait using the lexical strategy? ฀ ฀ A. Find the number of synonyms for that characteristic in the lexicon. B. Determine if that trait is represented in all parts of the lexicon (noun, verb, adjective, etc.). C. Examine the lexicon for biological words that represent that trait. D. Determine if there are words representing each pole (end) of that trait in the language.

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26. Which approach would most likely be used to undertake cross-cultural comparisons of language? ฀ A. Lexical approach B. Theoretical approach C. Statistical approach D. Act frequency approach

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27. If a trait is sufficiently important that it appears in the lexicon of most human languages, then that trait demonstrates the concept of _____ universality. ฀ ฀ A. act B. cross-cultural C. trait D. synonym 28. The idea that Eskimo language has many words for snow is most consistent with the _____ approach. ฀ A. lexical B. theoretical C. statistical D. act frequency 29. The fact that there are trait-descriptive adjectives that few people know is a problem for the _____ approach. ฀ ฀ A. lexical B. theoretical C. statistical D. act frequency 30. Which of the following approaches would utilize the technique of factor analysis? ฀ A. Lexical approach B. Theoretical approach C. Statistical approach D. Act frequency approach

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31. When Cattell used factor analysis to reduce the number of trait descriptive adjectives in his pool, he was combining the _____ approaches. ฀ ฀ A. lexical and statistical B. theoretical and statistical C. act frequency and statistical D. theoretical and act frequency 32. Factor analysis can be applied to ฀ ฀ A. adjective ratings. B. a true/false questionnaire. C. self-ratings on personality relevant statements. D. all of these choices. 33. _____ is a statistical approach that identifies groups of items that are similar to each other. ฀ A. Orthogonality B. Factor analysis C. The act frequency approach D. Rational scale construction 34. Factor loadings indicate the _____ between an item and a factor. ฀ A. correlation B. deviation C. analysis D. kurtosis

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35. Which of the following is useful in reducing the number of personality traits to a more manageable number? ฀ ฀ A. Synonym frequency B. The act frequency approach C. Factor analysis D. Cross-cultural universality 36. A problem with factor analysis is that ฀ ฀ A. it leads to an unmanageable number of traits. B. you can only identify traits that you include in your analysis. C. factor loadings are like correlations. D. it reduces the number of traits being studied. 37. A researcher who defines a specific set of traits as a part of a model of personality before conducting any empirical investigation of that model of personality is taking the _____ approach to theory development. ฀ ฀ A. lexical B. theoretical C. statistical D. empirical 38. Psychologists Simpson and Gangestad developed the concept of sociosexuality based on evolutionary theory. Then they developed the sociosexual orientation inventory. They employed the _____ approach to developing a model of personality. ฀ ฀ A. lexical B. theoretical C. statistical D. act frequency 39. Fred believes that the having a large big toe is related to how extraverted a person may be and having a large small toe is an indicator of how conscientious a person may be. He then starts measuring toe size and personality traits. Fred's research represents the _____ approach to studying personality. ฀ ฀ A. act frequency B. lexical C. statistical D. theoretical 40. A Freudian scholar develops personality measures to assess oral, anal, and phallic fixations. The scholar is using the _____ approach to identifying important individual differences. ฀ ฀ A. psychoanalytic B. theoretical C. regressive D. clinical 41. Which of the following is a criticism of the theoretical approach? ฀ A. The approach can only be as good as the theory. B. It is theoretically based. C. It depends on the lexical hypothesis. D. It has restricted investigations to adjectives.

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42. Which of the following researchers was born in Germany and wanted to study physics before studying psychology? ฀ ฀ A. Cattell B. Wiggins C. Eysenck D. Leary

43. Whose model of personality includes three main traits? ฀ A. Cattell B. Wiggins C. Eysenck D. Leary

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44. Which taxonomy was developed by identifying traits that were thought to be heritable and thought to have biological substrates? ฀ ฀ A. PEN model B. Cattell's taxonomy of 16 traits C. The Leary circumplex D. The five factor model 45. A worrier would likely score high on the trait of ฀ A. extraversion. B. neuroticism. C. psychoticism. D. quarrelsomeness.

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46. Juanita is observed as being somewhat aloof and distant. She tends to lead a predictable and wellorganized life. Juanita is demonstrating behaviors related to Eysenck's dimension of ฀ ฀ A. introversion. B. conscientiousness. C. agency. D. psychoticism. 47. Fu is an excessive worrier, who always seems tense and has trouble sleeping. His friends report that Fu has very low self-esteem and is moody much of the time. Fu is demonstrating behaviors related to Eysenck's dimension of ฀ ฀ A. introversion. B. quarrelsomeness. C. psychoticism. D. neuroticism. 48. A person who is antisocial and lacks empathy would score high on the trait of ฀ A. extraversion. B. neuroticism. C. psychoticism. D. introversion

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49. Jerry is a loner who likes to catch flies and pull their wings off. He is also addicted to violent movies. Jerry most likely scores high on the personality trait of ฀ ฀ A. introversion. B. psychoticism. C. sensation seeking. D. neuroticism. 50. Which taxonomy includes a four-level hierarchy of specific acts, habitual acts, traits, and super traits? ฀ A. The PEN model B. Cattell's taxonomy of 16 traits C. The Leary circumplex D. The five-factor model 51. Eysenck put the most important traits at ฀ A. the top of his hierarchy. B. the bottom of his hierarchy. C. an intermediate level in his hierarchy. D. the third level of his hierarchy.

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52. Which of the following is NOT an attribute of Eysenck's taxonomy? ฀ A. Hierarchical structure. B. Traits are heritable. C. Traits have many synonyms. D. Traits have physiological substrates.

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53. According to Eysenck, which of the following traits is related to central nervous system arousal and reactivity? ฀ ฀ A. Extraversion B. Neuroticism C. Psychoticism D. Dominance 54. Eysenck's taxonomy has been criticized on which one of these issues? ฀ ฀ A. The traits in Eysenck's model are not heritable in the population. B. Eysenck failed to include some important personality traits in his model. C. Eysenck did not take the physiological substrates of traits into consideration in his model. D. There is a dispute about whether or not personality traits are arranged hierarchically. 55. Which of the following psychologists was born in England, moved to America, and used factor analysis to identify major traits? ฀ ฀ A. Cattell B. Wiggins C. Eysenck D. Leary 56. Which personality researcher named his traits with letters (similar to the way vitamins are named)? ฀ A. Cattell B. Wiggins C. Eysenck D. Leary 57. Cattell's taxonomy included _____ traits. ฀ A. two B. three C. five D. 16

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58. Cattell believed that the true factors of personality were ฀ A. based primarily in human biology. B. found across different sources of data. C. arranged in a circumplex. D. found only in the natural language.

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59. Cattell's model of personality has been criticized on the grounds that ฀ ฀ A. he published over a thousand pages a year during his most productive years. B. his empirical strategies were weak and ill-defined. C. his model of personality has failed to be replicated by other researchers. D. his views on personality traits were biased and, therefore, were ignored by most researchers. 60. Who of the following was the first to propose a circumplex model of personality? ฀ A. Cattell B. Wiggins C. Eysenck D. Leary

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61. _____ are traits that describe how people act with other people. ฀ A. Factor loadings B. Adjacent traits C. Bipolar traits D. Interpersonal traits

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62. Circumplex models are composed of _____ primary dimensions of personality. ฀ A. two B. three C. five D. eight 63. The primary dimensions in Wiggins's circumplex model are love and ฀ A. hate. B. dominance. C. interpersonal behavior. D. neuroticism. 64. Wiggins' circumplex model of personality is limited to traits that ฀ A. have a biological basis in the nervous system. B. pertain to what people do to and with each other. C. show how people interact with the environment. D. were found in the LSD experiences of subjects.

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65. Which of the following is NOT a clear advantage of Wiggins's circumplex model of personality? ฀ A. The relationship of each and every other trait is specified in the model. B. There is an explicit definition of the nature of interpersonal behavior. C. It alerts researchers to gaps in knowledge about some interpersonal behaviors. D. The relationships between traits can be traced to biological-based traits. 66. The concept of _____ holds that items near one another in a circumplex are positively correlated. ฀ A. adjacency B. bipolarity C. orthogonality D. factor loadings 67. In Wiggins' model of personality, bipolar traits are ฀ A. related to clinical disorders. B. uncorrelated with other. C. on opposite sides of the circle. D. orthogonal with each other. 68. Traits that are orthogonal _____ with each other. ฀ A. are not correlated B. have a strong positive correlation C. have a negative correlation D. are causally linked

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69. _____ describes the relationship between traits that are perpendicular to one another in a circumplex. ฀ A. "Adjacency" B. "Bipolarity" C. "Orthogonality" D. "Polarity" 70. In Wiggins' circumplex, the traits of dominance and warmth-agreeableness are ฀ A. adjacent. B. bipolar. C. orthogonal. D. polar opposites.

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71. Which of the following is NOT a strength of the Wiggins interpersonal circumplex? ฀ A. It identifies new areas of research by mapping the interpersonal domain. B. It includes all the traits needed to understand interpersonal behavior. C. It specifies the relationships between items in the circumplex. D. It explicitly defines what interpersonal behavior is.

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72. More research in the past few decades has focused on this taxonomy than other taxonomies. ฀ A. PEN model B. Cattell's taxonomy of 16 traits C. The Leary circumplex D. The five factor model

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73. The five-factor model is a combination of _____ and _____ approaches to studying personality taxonomies. ฀ ฀ A. lexical and statistical B. lexical and biological C. theoretical and statistical D. statistical and causal 74. Where did Allport and Odbert locate 17,953 trait terms? ฀ A. Act nominations B. Self reports C. Dictionary D. Peer ratings

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75. Which one of the following is NOT one of the four categories into which Allport and Odbert divided the 17,953 trait terms? ฀ ฀ A. Stable traits B. Instable traits C. Temporary states D. Social evaluations 76. Who took the Allport and Odbert list of trait terms and grouped them logically into 171 clusters of terms by grouping them together and eliminating some terms? ฀ ฀ A. Cattell B. Fiske C. Norman D. Christal 77. The first researcher to discover the five factor model of personality by analyzing the structure of trait descriptive adjective was ฀ ฀ A. Cattell. B. Allport. C. Fiske. D. Tupes. 78. Researchers have found empirical evidence for the five-factor model in all of these ways EXCEPT ฀ A. similar factor structures for men and women. B. different factor analytic techniques. C. extensively in English-speaking samples. D. in five robust biological structures. 79. The five-factor model of personality consists of these five traits: ฀ ฀ A. surgency, sensation seeking, conscientious, psychoticism, and openness-intellect. B. extraversion, surgency, agreeableness, intellect, and dominance. C. psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, and openness-intellect. D. surgency, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness-intellect.

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80. A problem with the five-factor model is that ฀ ฀ A. the five factors are only found in males. B. the structure does not replicate across item formats. C. researchers disagree about what to call the fifth factor. D. most factors do not replicate across cultures. 81. In the five-factor model, the fifth factor is NOT called ฀ A. intellect. B. openness. C. openness-intellect. D. surgency.

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82. What is one of the reasons that researchers have had trouble agreeing about the nature of the fifth factor of the five-factor model of personality? ฀ ฀ A. Cross-cultural researchers have been unable to study the fifth factor across many languages. B. Different r...