The Effects of Chicken (Gallus gallus) Feather Meal Fertilizer as Fertilizer for Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Growth PDF

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The Effects of Chicken (Gallus gallus) Feather Meal Fertilizer as Fertilizer for Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Growth

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Practical Research II Submitted to: Mrs. Kalvin Joy Bauno-Vigno

Submitted by: Gantes, Doyle Andrae Hongo, Christian Paul Jore, Angelo Toreno, John Joseph Zamora, Jonathan Dennis Candelario, Chyrille Justienne

July 2021 Negros Occidental National Science High School Victorias City

APPROVAL SHEET

The research paper attached here to, entitled “The Effects of Chicken (Gallus gallus) Feather Meal Fertilizer as Fertilizer for Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Growth” prepared and submitted by Angelo Jore, Christian Paul Hongo, Doyle Andrae Gantes, Jonathan Dennis P. Zamora, John Joseph Toreno, and Chyrille Justienne Candelario in partial fulfilment of the requirements in Research IV is hereby accepted.

KALVIN JOY BAUNO-VIGNO Adviser

DIANA JEAN A. SANICO Adviser

GLAIZELLE T. LEONORAS Adviser KALVIN JOY V. BAUNO Research Coordinator Junior high School Also accepted in partial completion of the requirements for Completion/Graduation in Negros Occidental National Science High School, Victorias City for SY 2020 – 2021.

EMMA P. DEQUITO Principal ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, the researchers give praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for His showers of blessings throughout the whole research process and for the successful completion of the research study. The researchers would like to extend their deepest and sincerest gratitude to their research advisers, Mrs. Kalvin Joy V. Bauno-Vigno, Mrs. Diana Jean Alo-ad – Sanico, and Ms. Glaizelle T. Leonoras for the guidance and immeasurable patience. Their time and efforts in giving advice, hearing complaints and for checking and reviewing the papers has immensely helped the researchers for the continuance of the study. A shower of love and thanks for the researcher’s parents, relatives and family members. They had been the researcher’s pillar of strength. The researchers thank them for handling processes, communications and hurdles they can’t handle. Without their patience, understanding and undying support the researchers would have long given up. Their little push and whispers of encouragement had been a one great factor. To Prinz Jireh Meat Center, a huge appreciation for giving the researcher’s spark of hope for the main material given for their study. Their friendly, accommodating, and helpful staffs had given light to the researchers’ further understanding of their study. Their guidance had been a significant help. Lastly, the researchers would like to thank the school, Negros Occidental National Science High School and their principal for giving them the opportunity to participate and experience conducting a research. This experience would be lesson of a lifetime.

ABSTRACT Chicken feathers are waste products of the poultry industry. Billions of kilograms of waste feathers are generated each year by poultry processing plants, creating a serious solid waste problem. The Philippine poultry industry produced about 40 million broiler chickens annually. Feathers are a valuable part of the poultry waste compost mix because they add nitrogen, an important fertilizer component. For its possible application as a fertilizer, the researchers aimed to assess the effects of Chicken (Gallus gallus) feather meal to fertilize tomato plant. The waste feathers were taken from Prinz Jireh Meat Center in Talisay City and was prepared, hydrolyzed, dried, and pulverized. The chicken fertilizer were then used and applied in the soil of the planted tomato plants. Subsequent analysis of data using One-Way Analysis of Variance, results, F (2,27) =108.7439, p= 0 at α=0.05 two weeks after application, F (2,27) =367.4205, p= 0 at α=0.05 three weeks application, showed that there is a significant difference in the growth of height per week of Tomato plants between the treatment groups.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Approval Sheet Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Contents

i

List of Tables

ii

List of Appendices

iii

Introduction

1

Review of Related Literature and Studies

7

Research Design and Methodology

17

Results and Discussion

19

Summary, Conclusions, Implications, Recommendations

23

References

25

Appendices

28

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LIST OF TABLES Table…………………………………………………………………………

Page

1

Average Total Height of Plant Per Week

19

2

Average Height of Plant One Week After Treatment

20

3

Average Height of Plant Two Weeks After Treatment

20

4

Average Height of Plant Three Weeks After Treatment

20

5

Data Analysis using One-Way ANOVA One Week After Treatment

21

6

Data Analysis using One-Way ANOVA Two Weeks

21

After Treatment 7

Data Analysis using One-Way ANOVA Three Weeks After Treatment

22

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LIST OF APPENDICES Figure…………………………………………………………………………...Page 1

Preparing the Materials

28

2

Chicken Feathers

28

3

Washing of Chicken Feathers

28

4

Drying the Chicken Feathers

28

5

Preparing the Hydrochloric Acid

29

6

Hydrolysis of Chicken Feathers

29

7

Maintaining the Temperature

29

8

Neutralization

29

9

pH Level Test

29

10

Dried Chicken Feathers

29

11

Pulverized Chicken Feathers

29

(Chicken Feather Meal) 12

Application (Week 1)

30

13

With Fertilizer Group (Week 1)

30

14

Without Fertilizer Group (Week 1)

30

15

Commercial Fertilizer Group (Week 1)

30

16

With Fertilizer Group (Week 2)

30

17

Without Fertilizer Group (Week 2)

30

18

Commercial Fertilizer Group (Week 2)

30

19

With Fertilizer Group (Week 3)

31

20

Without Fertilizer Group (Week 3)

31

21

Commercial Fertilizer Group (Week 3)

31

22

Measuring Plant Height

31

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INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Chicken feathers are waste products of the poultry industry. Billions of kilograms of waste feathers are generated each year by poultry processing plants, creating a serious solid waste problem (Parkinson 1998; Schmidt 1998). The Philippine poultry industry produced about 40 million broiler chickens annually (USDA FAS 2005). These chickens generate about six million kilograms of waste feathers annually when the birds are processed in commercial dressing plants. Feathers are a valuable part of the poultry waste compost mix because they add nitrogen, an important fertilizer component. (GreenBiz, 2002). Poultry feathers are rich with keratin (85% 90%) protein and therefore they could be a source for good nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen is an important component of many essential structural, genetic and metabolic compounds in plant cells. It is also an elementary constituent of numerous important organic compounds including amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, and the chlorophyll molecule. Of all the essential nutrients, nitrogen is the one that is most often limiting for crop growth. Nitrogen is the nutrient which normally produces the greatest yield response in crop plants, promoting rapid vegetative growth and giving the plant a healthy green color. Roots take up nitrogen in its inorganic forms, nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) ions. Once inside the plant, NO3 is reduced to the NH2 form and is assimilated to form the organic compounds. Feather meal is a byproduct that is derived from the feather of healthy poultry, heat treated at a minimum of 145 ◦C, at a minimum of 0.4–0.5 MPa pressure, and for a minimum of 40 minutes,

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which is then followed by drying, grinding, sorting, and packaging (Kov´acs, 2017). The feather having 30–50% dry matter content on the average is produced as the by-product of poultry slaughtering and is suitable for producing feather keratin meal. This product was previously used as animal feed, but today is mostly utilized as a fertilizer of high nitrogen content on plough-lands and in horticulture. (Csap´o & Albert, 2018). The point of focus for agriculture scientists now is to find ways to efficiently use the feather meal as a fertilizer. The earth’s cultivated cropland that keeps humanity alive and thriving. Plants provide food, fiber, housing and a host of other benefits, and fertilizer plays a key role in this process. As the world population is expected to exceed 9 billion by 2050, fertilizer will be needed more than ever to boost crop production to keep people fed and healthy (Fertilizer Institute, 2014). Fertilizers are used daily by farmers and families to help crops and gardens grow. Whether for a small garden of flowers and plants, or a large farm with thousands of acres of crops, a wide range of fertilizers have been developed to help different crops grow in different soil and weather conditions (Chemical Safety Facts, 2020). According to Ngidlo (2013) the vegetable industry is known to rely heavily on commercial fertilizers and pesticides. Farmers use fertilizers and pesticides to enhance yield and control pest and diseases. Tomato is considered the most important vegetable in the world. In fact, it is planted to about 4.4 million ha around the world. In the Philippines, around 17,500 ha is grown to tomato with Pangasinan and Bukidnon as the top producing areas. It is tasty and easily digestible, and its bright color stimulates appetite. As a result, it is grown in the backyard of most people’s home. It is a good source of Fe and vitamin A, B, and C. Tomato requires at least twelve nutrients, also

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called “essential elements”, for normal growth and reproduction. These are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), boron (B), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo). Without these nutrients, tomato cannot grow properly or bear fruits. For example, N is an essential component of many compounds, including proteins, amino acids, and enzymes responsible for biochemical changes in tomato growth. Sometimes, soil cannot supply adequate amounts of N, P, and K for optimum growth and production of tomato, these nutrients are added as amendments in the form of manures and fertilizers to the soil (Upendra, et. al., 2003). Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient for tomato growth and is required in large amount for optimum production because tomato removes large amount of N from the soil. Thus, the researchers aim to assess the effects of chicken feather fertilizer on the growth of Tomato to address the problem arising.

Theoretical Framework According to the “Law of the Minimum,” by Justus von Liebig which states that if one of the essential plant nutrients is deficient, plant growth will be poor even when all other essential nutrients are abundant. Therefore, the amount of specific nutrients needed by plants when growing should be maintained. Making an alternative fertilizer that is abundant in nitrogen will help in supplementing the deficiency of plants in nitrogen and will result in increased growth rate.

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Conceptual Framework

No Fertilizer

Soil, Planting Spot

(Negative Control)

(Moderating Variable)

Chicken Feather Meal Fertilizer

Growth of Plant (Height)

(Independent Variable)

(Dependent Variable)

Chemical Fertilizer (Positive Control) Statement of the Problem

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Generally, this study aims to assess the effects of chicken feather meal fertilizer on the growth of Tomato. Specifically, the study aims to: (1) Determine the average height of tomato per week between the treatment groups and ; (2) Determine if there is a difference in the height of tomato plant per week between the treatment groups.

Hypothesis N0: There is no significant difference in the growth of height per week of Tomato plants between the treatment groups. Na: There is a significant difference in the growth of height per week of Tomato plants between the treatment groups.

Significance of the Study This study targets to widen knowledge and application of the chicken feathers from poultry farms and butchery to be used as a fertilizer. Chicken feathers are usually known as excess waste products in farms and butcher house. Other than this, there are also other materials that can be used for the growth of plants. Fertilizers are chemical substances that are added to crops for increase in their productivity. Some fertilizers though can cause waterway pollution, chemical burn to crops, increased air pollution, acidification of the soil and mineral depletion of the soil. By studying

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Tomato, a species endemic in our country, local scientists and farmers would be able to utilize its useful benefits. Scope and Delimitation This study is only limited on identifying the effects of Chicken Feather Meal fertilizer in Tomato. Definition of Terms Chemical Fertilizer. Used as a positive control in conducting the study. Chicken Feather Meal Fertilizer. This refers to the independent variable of the research study. Fertilizer. Refers to the controls that is used in conducting the study. It is either positive control or negative control. Growth of Plant. Used as a basis to determine if the independent variable has a significant effect to the dependent variable. It includes the height and number of leaves. Tomato. This refers to the dependent variable of the research study. No Fertilizer. Used as a negative control in conducting the study. Planting Spot. Belongs to the moderating variables in the study. Soil. Belongs to the moderating variables in the study.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter of the study includes the ideas, finished studies, generalizations, conclusions, methodologies, and others. Those that were included in this chapter helps in the familiarization of the information that are relevant and similar to the current study.

RELATED LITERATURE Local According to Briones (2014) fertilizer policy in the country has evolved from pervasive interventionism in the 1970s to today's market-oriented regime. Government has abandoned price policies and subsidies, focusing rather on standard setting, quality regulation, and training. Over the same period domestic demand for fertilizer has continually been increasing, though recently resurgent fertilizer prices have reduced total utilization. Evidence suggests that farmers are underapplying fertilizer, thereby forfeiting efficiency gains at the margin. On the supply side, imports have in the past few decades emerged, as the main source of fertilizer as domestic production has dwindled. With deregulation, numerous private sector players have taken over the distribution of fertilizers; analysis of the supply chain points to low marketing margins. Integration analysis fails to find systematic arbitrage opportunities between the domestic and world markets. Within the domestic market, however, there remain large disparities in prices across regions. Priorities for research and policy are therefore understanding the behavior of farmers in terms of fertilizer

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application and addressing internal price disparities, perhaps by improved transport infrastructure and logistics. Fertilizer consumption has been increasing over the past decades, punctuated by some sharp declines due to external shocks. From 1950 to 1980, fertilizer consumption grew by nearly 8% per year for all crops. Demand was met initially by imports; domestic production began in the 1950s, as three fertilizer plants were established, and a fourth was added in 1966. The share of imports in consumption fell from 100% in 1950 to only 41% by the end of the 1960s. Up to that period, most of the fertilizer was absorbed by the export crop sector, with sugarcane farming being the largest buyer. From the 1970s imports began to account for most of the growth in fertilizer supply, rising to 75% in the early 1980s; moreover, the composition shifted to urea reflecting increasing utilization of fertilizer for rice production (David and Balisacan, 1981). According to Ngidlo (2013) the vegetable industry is known to rely heavily on commercial fertilizers and pesticides. Farmers use fertilizers and pesticides to enhance yield and control pest and diseases. Aside from chemical inputs, the gardening industry has a long history of using fresh chicken manure to remedy nutrient deficiencies in the soil. The use of chemical inputs is sometimes concomitant with the presence and persistence of fertilizer and pesticide residues in soil and water. The lingering negative connotation associated with pesticide use led some people to believe that soil and water inside garden areas are heavily polluted with chemical residues detrimental to human health. Still others refuse to eat vegetables believing that they contain high levels of pesticide residues. The study was made primarily to provide evidences to repudiate or affirm some of the prevailing assumptions regarding the impacts of pesticides and

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fertilizer on soil and water. The main objectives of this study are: 1) to assess the farmers level of awareness on the negative impacts of agrichemicals on health and environment 2) to obtain information on the types of agricultural chemicals used by vegetable farmers, 3) to determine the effects of agricultural chemical on soil and water 4) to identify major sources of pollutants in the area aside from agricultural chemicals and 5) to recommend solutions for mitigating the negative effects of soil and water contamination that affects people’s health and their communities. The direct beneficiaries of the study are the vegetable farmers who are handling agricultural chemicals pursuant to their vegetable production. Fertilizers and pesticides are inseparable components of the vegetable industry and growers should know the negative impacts of these farming inputs to soil and water. Farmers themselves and their families including their animals are the ones working with the soil and having access to water resources within the vicinity of their garden areas and it will always result to poor health and even death in the long-term. Understanding the impact of agricultural chemicals on soil and water quality will have a direct bearing on how farmers should use their agricultural chemicals in such a way that it will not continue to contaminate soil and water resources. It would hopefully raise people’s awareness on these important environmental issues and develop mitigation measures to address these issues for the benefit of both present and future generations (Ngidlo, 2013).

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Foreign A. Fertilizer It’s the earth’s cultivated cropland that keeps humanity alive and thriving. Plants provide food, fiber, housing and a host of other benefits, and fertilizer plays a key role in this process. As the world population is expected to exceed 9 billion by 2050, fertiliz...