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MATERIALS SB####### CHAPTER 1 Descriptive data and Inferential Data  Critical thinking Conclusion from small samples Conclusion from non-random samples Conclusion from rare event Poor survey methods Post-hoc fallacy CHAPTER 2  Level of measurement Nominal measurement Ordinal measurement Interval ...

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MATERIALS SB CHAPTER 1  Descriptive data and Inferential Data  Critical thinking + Conclusion from small samples + Conclusion from non-random samples + Conclusion from rare event + Poor survey methods + Post-hoc fallacy CHAPTER 2  Level of measurement + Nominal measurement + Ordinal measurement + Interval measurement + Ratio measurement  Sampling method + Simple random sample + Systematic sample + Stratified sample

Random sampling method

+ Cluster sample + Judgment sample + Convenience sample

Non-random sampling method

+ Focus group CHAPTER 3  Steam and leaf  Dot plot  Sturges’ Rule: k

 Bin width



(¿ n) ¿ 1+3.3 log ¿

xmax  xmin k

 Histogram and shape

CHAPTER 4: Descriptive Statistics n

 Sample mean:

´x

=

1 ∑ x : Trung bình cộng n i=1 i

 Median: middle value  Mode: Frequent value  Geometric mean: G =

√ x1 x2 … xn n

:Trung bình nhân



 Range: R = x max−x min : khoảng  Midrange =

x min + x max 2

:khoảng cách trung bình

 Mode luôn lớn nhất, nếu mean< median: skewed left; mean=median: Symmetric; mean>median: skewed right  Sample variance: Phương sai =

¿ Population: σ 2 , Sample: s 2 ) 2 s ¿

 Sample standard deviation: s =

√

n

2 (x i− ´x ) ∑ :Độ lệch chuẩn i=1

n−1

 Coefficient of variation of population:để so sánh 2 giá trị ko cùng đơn vị CV = 100 ×

σ μ

; CV of sample: CV = 100 ×

 Chebysev’s Theorem:

s ´x

(S: độ lệch chuẩn ,X: mean )

percentage ( nhận biết at least )=1−

 Empirical Rule: (nhận biết: Normal Distribution)

1 k2

k: khoảng

 Standardized variable of population:

z i=

x i−μ σ

; of sample: z i=

x i− x´ s

n

∑ (x i−´x )( y i− ´y )  Sample correlation coefficient : r

=

i=1

√

n

∑ (xi− ´x )2 i=1

 First quartile position :

√∑ n

2

( y i− y´ )

i =1

Q1 = (n+1) /4



Second quartile position: Q2 = (n+1)/2 (the median position)



Third quartile position:

Q3 = 3(n+1)/4

where n is the number of observed values  Midhinge =

Q 1 +Q 3 2

 Nếu midhingeq2: skewed right  IQR= Q 3−Q 1  Fences and Unusual Data Values Lower fence Upper fence

Z score=

Inner fences Q1 – 1.5(Q3 – Q1) Q3 + 1.5(Q3 – Q1)

Outer fences Q1 – 3(Q3 – Q1) Q3 + 3(Q3 – Q1)

x−μ x−´x = s σ

Cách bấm máy: Tính mean ,median ,q1,q2,s…Mode 6 -> 1-> 3 Tính R:

Mode6 2 4

CHAPTER 5: Probability  Event: biến cố

 P(s)= P(E1)+p(E2)+….+P(En)=1  Complement of an event: (Phần bù): P ( A )=1−P (A ' )  Union: hợp (hoặc)  Intersection: giao (và) ( joint probability)  If A ∩ B = ∅ (exclusive or disjoint), then P(A ∩  Odds for A:

P( A) ; Odds against A: 1−P( A)

B) = 0(null)

1−P( A) P( A)

 General Law of Addition: P ( A ∪ B ) (hợp )=P ( A ) + P ( B ) −P ( A ∩ B) (giao)  Conditional probability:

P ( A|B ) =

P( A ∩ B) P(B)

:Sác xuất điều kiện

 Two events are independent if and only if: P ( A|B )= P( A)  Independence property: P ( A ∩ B) =P( A ) . P(B)  Bayes’ Theorem: P (B|A ) =

P ( A∨B). P(B ) ' ' P ( A∨ B ). P ( B )+ P ( A∨B ). P ( B )

 Permutation : nPr

=

n! (n−r )!

 Combination: nCr

=

n! r ! (n−r) !

CHAPTER 6: Discrete Probability Distributions  Probability Distribution Function (PDF) shows the probability for each value: P(x)≥ 0 ;

∑ P(x )=1 x

 Cumulative Probability Function (CDF), denoted F(x0), shows the probability that X is less than or equal to x0 F ( x 0 )=P (X ≤ x 0 )  Expected value: (giá trị kì vọng):

;

F ( x 0 )= ∑ P (x) x ≤ x0

μ= E ( x )=∑ xP (x) x

 Bài toán vé số = (value win) x P(win) + (value lose) x P(lose)  Variance of a discrete random variable X:

2 2 2 σ =E(x−μ) =∑ ( x−μ ) P ( x ) ;

σ 2 =E ( x2 )−μ2

  a: lower limit; b: upper limit; n (số số hạng)=b-a+1

x

 Uniform PDF: P(X =x)

=

1 1 = b−a+1 n

;

x=a , a+1 , … , b

 Bernoulli (Thành công hay thất bại nhưng chỉ với 2 outcomes) (kí hiệu:success x=1;failure x=0)(P(success)= π ; P(failure)= 1−π )( π...