Ugc 112 final exam - Summary World Civilization 2 - World Civilization 2 PDF

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EXAM%3:%FINAL%summary% ! Chapter!11:!The!American!Republic! ! Background%to%the%American%Revolution:%Colonization% • Colonization!in!North!America=!religious!and!economic!reasons! • Many!colonies!date!to!time!of!Charles!I!and!James!I! • Growth!of!English!colonies!prevents!Spanish!growth! • Large!difference!in!fertility,!geography,!growing!conditions!from!northern!to! southern!colonies! ! Causes%for%Revolution:%Enlightenment%Ideas% • Human!rights:!supporters!of!cause!of!individual!liberty!(liberals)! • Freedom!to!worship!according!to!their!own!dictates! • Reformers=!people!alone!have!authority!to!make!laws!limiting!freedom!of! action!! ! Causes%for%Revolution:%Political%Causes% • Seven!Years’!War!(1756-63)! • England!and!Prussia!fought!against!the!French! • British!claims!westward!knocked!out!French!holdings!in!North!America! • Treaty!of!Paris!1763:! • Canada!and!French!territory!east!of!Mississippi!passed!to!England! • France!gave!Louisiana!to!Spain! • Spain!loses!Florida!to!Britain! • France!gives!up!holdings!to!India! ! Pushing%Back-colonial%reaction%to%British%policies% • Protests!in!British!colonies!because!they!thought!they!deserved!rights! belonging!to!British!citizens! • Britain!shifts!cost!of!defending!colonies!to!the!colonies!themselves! • 1774!first!meeting!of!the!Continental!Congress! • *no!hereditary!nobility/national!church!in!the!US.! • 1773!Tea!Act!British!directly!ship!products!to!colonies,!no!profit!to!colonies! • Boston!Tea!Party!:!colonists!dressed!up!as!Iroquois!dumped!tea!into!Boston! Harbor! • Stamp!Act=!levied!taxes!on!a!long!list!of!commercial/legal!documents! • 1774!Coercive!Acts!closed!port!of!Boston,!curtailed!local!elections! ! Revolutionary%War%(1775-1781)% • 1775!Battle!of!Lexington!and!Concord! • 1776!Declaration!of!Independence! • 1777!Battles!of!Oriskany,!Saratoga! • 1781!Surrender!at!Yorktown!!

Colonial!Troubles:! 1. Trouble!paying!continental!army!and!militias! 2. British!counterfeiting!colonial!currency! 3. Difficulty!securing!supplies! Solutions:! 1. Colonists!confiscated!loyalist!land! 2. Army!and!militia!compensated!with!land! 3. Alliance!with!France,!importation!of!European!troops/generals! Treaty!of!Paris!1783=!Independence!for!all!thirteen!colonies! !!All!British!territory!east!of!Mississippi!goes!to!American!colonies! ! Transforming%Enlightenment%Ideas%into%Practice% • Articles!of!Confederation,!1781! • First!document!that!lays!out!state!and!federal!powers! • Cooperation!of!states!strong!determiner!of!policy! • Severely!limits!federal!powers:!fear!of!a!tyrannical!government! • Constitution,!1787! • Separation!of!powers! • Representative!self!government! • Federal!power!to!tax,!regulate!trade,!and!to!enforce!its!laws! • Bill!of!Rights=!protection!of!individual!liberties! ! Constitution% • Separation!of!powers=!three!branches!of!government! • Legislative!branch=!Senate,!House!of!Representatives!make!laws! • Executive!branch=!carry!out!laws!made!by!Congress! • Judicial!branch=!decides!court!cases!according!to!constitution! Bill!of!Rights! • Individual!freedoms!that!are!not!covered!in!the!constitution! • Rights!to!religion! • Freedom!of!speech,!press,!peaceable!assembly,!self!protection! • More!powers!to!federal!government! • Liberty=individual!freedoms! • No!rights!for!slaves! • No!rights!for!women! • No!rights!Native!Americans! ! Manifest%Destiny:%belief!that!God!had!foreclosed!the!United!States!to!cover!the! entire!continent! ! Native%American%Policy% • William!Penn=purchased!land!from!local!peoples% • Jamestown!pushed!back!and!massacred!Indians% • Plymouth=!idyllic!relationship!with!natives!

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Iroquois!Nation=!6!nations!with!official!diplomatic!relations!with!the! colonies/US! Deportation=!forced!exodus!of!Native!Americans!beyond!US!settlement!(Trail! of!Tears)!

% Slave%vs.%Free%States% • Upon!entering!the!Union,!a!state!had!to!decide!whether!it!was!going!to!be!a! slave!state!or!a!free!state! • Slave!states,!free!states!need!to!be!equal! • Louisiana!Purchase,!1803! • Missouri!Compromise,!1820! ! Mexican%American%War%(1845-8)% • Monroe!Doctrine:!US!sphere!of!influence!opposes!!European!imperialism! • US!seizes!territory!from!weak!Latin!American!countries! • US!takes!½!Mexico’s!territory! • Treaty!of!Guadalupe!Hidalgo!1848! ! Civil%War%(1861-5)% Northern!Strategy:% • Belief!that!south!did!not!have!a!right!to!secede! • Fear!of!defeat,!made!war!about!slavery! • Keep!states!bordering!south!in!the!union! • Blockade!southern!ports! • Keep!others!from!funding!the!Confederacy! Southern!Strategy:! • Secure!independence!from!north! • Attrition! • Get!outside!funding! ! Split%between%North%and%South% • Industrialized!with!factories! • Population!22!million! • Rivers! • Railroads! • Environment!not!suitable!for!raw!material! • No!slaves! • Mostly!rural! • Population!6!million! • No!real!navigable!rivers! • Fewer!railroad!tracks! • Lots!of!raw!material! • 3!million!slaves! !

Consequences%at%War’s%End% • Industrialization,!population,!finances,!! • Lincoln’s!plan!to!reintegrate!the!South!into!the!Union!died!with!him! • 465,000!+!deaths! • 20%!of!all!black!soldiers!died! • 25%!all!southern!military!men!died! • 2/3!soldiers!died!of!disease! • Major!cities!destroyed! • Radical!reconstruction!makes!south!pay!for!war! • Development!of!industrialization!technology!for!military!uses! ! Spanish%American%war% • Defensive!Imperialism! • USS!Maine!Destruction! • Mass!Media!=!Yellow!Journalism! • Battle!of!San!Juan!Hill,!1898! • Seizure!of!Cuba,!Puerto!Rico,!Philippines! • Gunboat!Diplomacy! ! ! Chapter!12:!(Neoclassicism!and)!Romanticism! ! Romanticism% • artistic,!literary,!and!academic!movement!beginning!at!the!end!of!the!18th! century!and!extending!into!the!19th!century!that!challenged!the!supremacy!of! Enlightenment!ideals!of!reason,!rationalism,!and!progress!for!focus!on! emotion,!the!individual,!nature,!and!history!! ! Enlightenment%and%Historical%Background% • Used!inductive!reasoning,!rational!through!to!debate!issues!of!religion,! political!power,!tolerance! • Results!of!enlightenment!thought!shared!are!royal!scientific!societies,! newspapers,!public!meetings,!clubs,!coffeehouses,!salons! • Greco-Roman!antiquity!strong!influence!on!philosophy,!artwork,!educational! program! • Enlightenment:!how!do!we!learn?!! ! Enlightenment%thinkers%and%theories% John!Locke! • All!humans!are!blank!slates! • Understanding,!belief!inscribed!by!experience! • Sensationalism=!all!ideas!and!thoughts!are!produced!as!a!result!of!sensory! impressions! David!Hume!

• Moral!principles!explained!by!emotion,!not!reason! • Reason!limited!by!sensory!experience! Rousseau! • All!people!are!born!good! • Emotions!primary!interpretative!mechanism! • Childhood=!distinct!stage!of!life! ! Neoclassicism=%use%of%Greco-Roman%artwork,%styles% • Physical!observation,!study,!and!retrieval!of!classical!past! • Monks,!Ambassadors,!and!Traveler’s!maps,!Society!of!the!Dilettanti! • Investigation!and!excavation!of!ancient!cities!(Pompeii)! • Grand!Tour! ! Piranesi%(1720-1778)% • Engraver!and!engineer!who!combines!archaeology,!topography!for!views!of! ancient!Rome! • Buildings!of!Ancient!Rome!(1756)! ! Excavating%Lost%Cities:%Pompeii% • Destroyed!79!CE! • Bourbon!family!excavated!ruins! • Artifacts!placed!on!display!in!Naples!Museum! ! Grand%Tour% • Traveling/educational!program!for!young!men! • Begins!in!London,!stops!in!Paris,!Rome,!Naples! • Men!brought!money,!artists!with!them!to!capture!moments! ! Johann%Winckelmann%(1717-1768)% • History!of!Ancient!Art!(1764)! • Artwork!in!ancient!world!can!be!divided!into!distinct!periods! ! Neoclassical%Painting:%Jacques-Lois%David%(1748-1825)% • Incorporate!scenes!of!myth,!formal!composition,!historical!subject!matter! • Means!to!show!values!of!self-sacrifice,!duty,!honesty,!austerity,!family! ! Romanticism% • Edmund!Burke:!On!the!Sublime!and!the!Beautiful! • Sturm&und&Drang=!Storm!and!Stress! • Characteristics!of!Romanic!Movement! • Middle!Ages!! • Extreme!emotional!states!(madness,!sorrow,!fear)! • Death!and!Beyond! • Supernatural!

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Music! Art! Nature!

! Germany%and%the%Romantic%movement% • Germany=!no!political!unity,!unity!through!shared!language,!culture,!people! • Clemens!Bretano/Achim!von!Arnim!(1805)!The!Youth’s!Magic!Horn! • Brothers!Grimm,!1812! • Domestic!Tales!of!Wonder! ! Romantic%Painting:%C.D.%Friedrich%1774-1840% • Individuals!juxtaposed!against!large!natural!background! • Background!becomes!subject!of!inquiry! • Use!of!light,!color,!shading!shows!impenetrability!of!subject,!becomes!object! of!wonder! • Limitations!of!reason,!underlying!motivations! • Symbols!of!death:!poplar!tree,!ruins,!sunset,!ravens,!winter!landscape! • Nationalism! ! Baroque%Transition%into%Romantic%Period% • Bach!(1685-1750)!and!others!relied!on!artistic!patronage!! • Harpsichord=!sound!created!by!plucking!of!strings! • Transition!of!music!to!become!more!melodic,!deeper,!and!a!richer!sound! • Bach=!Harpsichord!Concerto!1052! ! Mozart%1756-1791% • Symphony!No.!40!in!G!minor! ! Ludwig%Van%Beethoven%(1770-1827)% • German!composer,!heavy!use!of!fortepiano! • Fortepiano=!instrument!where!a!hammer!hits!strikes!cords,!sound!can!be! sustained/dampened! • Moonlight!Sonata! ! Chapter!13:!French!Revolution!and!Napoleon! ! Social%Structure%of%France%before%the%Revolution% • Nobility! • Clergy! • Third!Estate!(sans-culottes)! ! France%Before%the%Revolution% • Heavy!debt!from!funding!troops!in!American!Revolution! • Attempt!to!pay!back!debt=!50%!GDP!of!the!budget,!20%!yearly!budget!

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Troops!brought!back!their!experiences!and!ideals!of!American!Revolution! Attempts!to!use!lotteries!and!taxes!to!pay!off!debt! Inflation,!costs!of!goods!and!services!increases! Philosophe!ideas! Unlawful!imprisonment!of!dissidents,!individuals!in!Bastille!

! Major%Time%Periods%of%the%French%Revolution% • Initial!Phase:!Constitutional!Monarchy! • Radical!Phase! • Reactionary!Phase:!Directorate! • Napoleon’s!Consulship! • Napoleon’s!Empire!and!Fall! ! Initial%Phase%of%the%Revolution% • Debt!problem!attempted!to!be!eliminated!by!raising!taxes! • Noble!judges!resented!threat!to!their!tax!exemption! • Estates!General!was!called!to!deal!with!tax!problem! • Each!estate!only!received!1!vote,!so!Third!Estate!overruled!and!then!barred! from!participating! • Debt!problem!unresolved! ! Third%Estate%becomes%National%Assembly% • Frustrated!at!lack!of!representation! • Tennis!Court!Oath! • Formed!their!own!Legislative!!Body=!!National!Assembly! ! National%Assembly% • Declaration!of!Rights!of!Man!and!Citizen! • Abolish!noble!titles! • Abolish!feudal!obligations! • Abolish!church!tithes! • Gives!legal!and!voting!rights!to!men! • Nationalizes!the!church! • Confiscates!land! ! Constitutional%Monarchy% King!forced!to!stay!in!Tuileries!palace! Forced!to!sign!and!uphold!Constitution!(1791)!:! • Legalized!divorce! • Obtained!financial!support!for!illegitimate!children!! • Administrative!boundaries!of!country!to!be!equal!in!size!! • Prohibited!monopolies,!internal!trade!barriers,!workers!associations! • Religious!freedom!to!Jews!and!Protestants! • Nationalized!church!property!

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Abolished!monasteries! Priests!elected!by!voters!

! Lois%XVI%attempts%to%flee…%and%is%captured% • Louis!XVI!placed!under!house!arrest!at!his!Tulieries!palace! • Placed!under!constant!surveillance! • Louis!XVI!caught!sending!letters!to!request!help!from!other!European! monarchs! ! Phase%two:%Radical%Phase%of%the%Revolution% • French!Assembly!(now!called!the!National!Convention)!dominated!by!a! radical!political!club,!the!Jacobins! • Declares!itself!a!Republic! • (Republic=!elected!officials!carry!out!government!tasks)! • France!declares!war!on!Austria,!Holland,!Spain,!Britain! • French!assembly!places!Louis!XVI!under!trial!for!treason,!strips!him!of! powers! ! January%1793-%Louis%XVI%executed% % How%did%Radicals%keep%Power?% • Violence!and!intimidation!to!get!legislation!passed!in!the!assembly! • Strict!adherence!to!radical!egalitarian!measures!! • Preventing!a!royalist!takeover!(stoking!fears!of!Royalist!takeover)!! ! Jacobin%Club’s%Influence% • Maximilian!Robespierre,!Jacobin!leader,!had!Louis!XVI!arrested! • Jacobins!used!sans!culottes!to!arrest!and!execute!its!political!competition! (Girondists)! • Planned!economy!and!moral!economic!order! • Set!maximum!allowable!prices!for!goods! • Established!the!Committee!for!Public!Safety!to!arrest!all!threats!to!the! government! ! Other%Radical%Measures% • Changed!Calendar!system! • 1!week!=!10!days! • Changed!the!weights!and!measures!to!a!decimal!system! • De-christianization!of!France! • Temples/!Buildings!erected!to!Reason! ! Committee%of%Public%Safety%and%the%Reign%of%Terror%(1793-4)% • Dictatorial!power!to!deal!with!national!emergencies,!could!arrest!anyone! • Tried!to!prevent!undermining!of!revolution!

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Executed!its!political!enemies! 40,000!executed!! Use!of!Guillotine! Robespierre!in!charge!

! Dr.%Guillotin%and%his%machine% • Penal!Code=!decapitation!should!be!the!sole,!standard!punishment! • No!difference!in!social!class/severity!of!the!crime! • No!confiscation!of!condemned!person’s!property! • Corpse!to!be!given!back!to!family! ! Reactionary%Phase:%The%Directorate%(1795-9)% • Power!rested!in!hands!of!5!directors! • Military!success!brought!less!fear!of!an!internal!revolt! • Reaction!against!violence!of!Reign!of!Terror! • Loosened!economic!controls! ! Napolean%(1769-1821)% • Born!on!Corsica! • Father!was!minor!nobility! • Trained!in!artillery!! • Success!in!siege!of!Toulon!1793! • Attempted!to!seize!Suez!Canal!to!attack!British!holdings!in!India! • Overthrew!Directorate!in!1799! ! Napolean’s%Success% • Self!presentation,!propaganda! • Organizational!capabilities,!intelligence! • Did!not!come!from!high!nobility! • Able!to!barter!between!powerful!groups!in!order!to!achieve!progress! • Napoleonic!Code! • Bank!of!France! • Revolutionaries!and!Nobles! • Concordat!of!1801! • Crowns!himself!emperor,!1804! ! Grand%Empire% • Abolished!Holy!Roman!Empire! • Destroyed!Venice! • Blockaded!England=!Continental!System! • Abolished!all!serfdom!and!feudal!dues! • Required!heavy!taxes,!steady!revenue! • 1803!Louisiana!Purchase! !

Defeat%and%Exile% • 1808-14!Invaded!Spain! • Guerilla!warfare!tied!down!250,000!troops! • 1812!Moscow!invasion!and!defeat! • 370,000!French!troops!died! • 200,000!taken!prisoner! • 1814!abdicated!and!sent!into!exile!at!Elbe! % Consequences%of%Napolean% • Codification!of!Civil!Laws! • Standardization!of!weights!and!measures! • Establishment!of!National!and!Cultural!Property! • US!drawn!into!1812!War!with!Britain! • South!American!colonies!revolted!from!Spain! • Congress!of!Vienna!1814!to!create!a!balance!of!power!in!Europe! ! ! Chapter!14:!Revolution!in!the!Americas! ! Latin%America%Gain%its%Freedom%(1806-1826)% % Brazil% • 1806!Napoleon!invades!Portugal! • Portuguese!royal!family!evacuates!to!Brazil! • 1815!family!returns!to!Portugal,!left!viceroy!in!charge! • 1822!viceroy!proclaims!himself!Dom!Pedro!I,!emperor!of!the!New!Empire!of! Brazil! • Dom!Pedro!II!succeeds!him!(1831-1899)! ! Population%in%the%Spanish%New%World% • Population!size!and!composition!played!unique!role!in!Revolution! • Political!freedom!tied!to!social!reforms! • Political!status!separated!from!cultural!pedigree! ! Social%Hierarchy%in%the%Spanish%New%World% Peninsulares:! • Spaniards!born!in!Spain! • In!charge!of:! • Import/export! • Military!positions! • Intercolonial!trade! • Mining!Industry! • *Men!mostly!settled*! Creoles:!

• Spaniards!born!in!the!New!World!to!Spanish!parents! ! Mestizos:! • Mixed!blood:!Spanish!and!Indian! Natives:! • Mixed!blood=Spanish!and!African!Slave! Castas:!! • Unfree!or!owned! Pardos:! • Freed! ! Demographic%Change%and%its%Contribution%to%the%Revolutions% Causes!in!Population!Decline:! • Disease:!smallpox,!yellow!fever,!typhus,!flu!! • Exploitation!of!labor:!mines,!fields! • Dietary!Change! • High!Mortality!Rate! • Declining!Birth!Rate! ! Stabilization%and%Recovery% • 1804!Francisco!Javier!de!Balmis!inoculated!population!of!Mexico!against! smallpox! ! The%Road%of%Revolution:%Commercial%Roots% Spain’s!goals:! • improve!agriculture!NOT!promote!industry! • Land!acquisition!and!luxury!imports!NOT!investment! • Exert!control!over!colonies! Board!of!Trade!(Casa!de!Contratacion)!!1717! Casa!de!Contratacion!!1717! Carlos!III!(1759-1788)!trade!policies:! 1. Replace!larger!areas!with!smaller!viceroyalties! a. New!Granada!! b. Rio!de!la!Plata! 2. Free!trade! 3. Stimulated!markets!for:! a. Coffee! b. Sugar! c. Beef/hides! d. Silver! !!!!!!!4.!!Royal!monopolies,!direct!tax!collection! ! The%Road%to%Revolution:%Law%and%Order% • Spain!undermines!local!powers!and!institutions!for!Spanish!officials!and! needs!

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1.!!Replacement!with!peninsulares! Viceroy’s!council=!audiencias! Usurpation!of!the!Church! Exploitation!of!local!population! Repartimientos! Mit’a!

! Revolts% • Reform,!not!independence! • Mixed!population=!revolts!have!political!and!social!elements! • 1780!Peru:!Tupac!Amaru!II! • *descended!from!Incan!King! • 1780!Peru:!Tupac!Amaru!II! • *descended!from!Incan!King! • 1781!New!Granada! • Comun=!central!committee! • Revolutionaries!=!comuneros! • Weak!government!agreed!to!reforms! ! Napolean%and%Spain% • Offered!to!seize!Portugal!for!Spain! • Napoleon!removed!Ferdinand!VII!! • Joseph,!Napoleon’s!brother!replaced!him! • 1808-1814!Spain!cut!off!from!its!colonies! • Who’s!in!charge!in!the!colonies?\! ! Simon%Bolivar:%The%Liberator% • Powerful!Creole!family!in!Venezuela! • Social!status=!glass!ceiling! • European!educated! ! Difficulties%with%Revolutions% • Lack!of!formal!military!training! • Lack!of!foreign!recognition:!weapons,!funding! • Mistrust!among!the!social!classes!for!ultimate!goal!of!revolution! • Extension!of!war!against!civilian!population! • Confiscation!of!property!of!revolutionaries! • Trouble!importing!soldiers!to!Latin!America! ! Growing%Pains:%Latin%America%after%the%Revolutions% • 1826!colonies!south!of!Mexico!independent,!could!not!unite! • Gran!Colombia!divided!into!several!countries! • Rise!of!generals,!dictators,!coups! • Opportunistic!countries!take!territory!

! % % Neocolonialism:%perpetuation%of%economic%domination%after%independence% • Foreign!countries!want!stability!for!investment! • Each!country=!1-2!products! • Gunboat!diplomacy=!use!of!force!to!open!markets! • Prosperity!in!oil!and!rubber! • Mass!emigration!to!Latin!America! • Rise!of!Rio!de!Janeiro,!Buenos!Aires! ! Chapter!15:!Industrial!Revolution! ! Industrial%Revolution% • Period!between!1780-1850!that!describes!major!inventions!and!economic! expansion! Stages!of!the!Industrial!Revolution! 1. Agricultural!Revolution! 2. Industrial!Revolution! 3. “Second!Industrial!Revolution”! ! Agriculture:%Middle%Ages-1600% 3!crop!rotation!system! • Keeps!soil!fresh! • Keeps!different!crops!in!production! • Root!crops!provide!winter!food! Importation!of!New!World!crops!with!Triangle!Trade! ! Transplanting%of%Agricultural%Knowledge% • Charles!Lord!“Turnip”!Townshend! • (1725-1767)! • Ambassador!to!Netherlands! • Hired!Dutch!engineers!to!drain!fens!(marshes)!and!to!make!them!fertile! ! Agricultural%Revolution% Application!of!scientific!knowledge!of!the!Enlightenment!to!agriculture! • Creation!of!more!arable!land!by:! o Constructing!a!dike!! o Draining!land!delimited!by!dyke!with!a!sluice! ! Beginnings%of%the%Industrial%Revolution:%Why%Great%Britain?% • Scientific!Revolution!and!Enlightenment!ideas! • Encyclopedia!translated!and!published!in!English! • Importation!of!agricultural!technology! • High!Wages!in!the!Countryside!for!wool!production!

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Desire!to!lower!cost! Large!deposits!of!coal! Large!scale!trade!network! Navy!to!protect!shipping!lanes! Increase!in!Population!meant!increase!in!food!production,!higher!wages! Increased!purchasing!power! Women!enter!workforce!! Higher!rates!of!literacy!and!education=!! Protestant!religion,!compulsory!education! Stable!home!government! Increasing!power!of!merchants!in!Parliament!

! Technological%Innovations%and%the%Industrial%Revolution% Processing!of!raw!materials!in!the!17th!century:! • Merchants!loan,!aka!“put!out”!raw!materials!to!workers!for!processing! • Five!spinners!occupy!one!weaver! 18th!ce...