Uni Prep Ref Start (Feb 2020) PDF

Preview

Summary

refstart...

Description

UniPrep RefStart A resource to help you start using APA 7th referencing at ECU

Introduction Edith Cowan University (ECU) uses the APA (7th edition) referencing style in most of its courses, unless otherwise stated. This resource has been developed to help UniPrep students learn how to use the APA 7th referencing style. It contains examples of the types of sources most commonly referenced. For more detail, please refer to ECU’s Referencing Library Guide. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2020) is available on the Library shelf: 808.06615 PUB. If you need more help, attend a Referencing Using APA workshop, or an Assignment and Referencing Drop-In session, or email your query to an ECU librarian: [email protected].

Why Reference? Referencing is showing where you have used other people’s ideas in your work. It is an essential part of writing at university. By referencing all the sources of information you have used in your work, you will • • • •

respect the intellectual property of others (give due credit to the author or originator of the ideas); show you have consulted a range of credible sources and researched widely; demonstrate you have supported your opinions and arguments (establish your credibility); and enable others (or yourself) to trace the sources you used.

Acknowledging where you have used others’ ideas in your work will also help you avoid plagiarism.

What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism? Plagiarism Plagiarism is presenting other people’s work (words, ideas, arguments, concepts, images, figures, tables, creations) as your own, without a proper reference to the source. Plagiarism, whether deliberate or unintentional, is a serious form of academic misconduct and can lead to possible exclusion from a course. Reusing your previous work, without acknowledgement, is considered self-plagiarism. However, using common knowledge in your assignment is not considered plagiarism. Common knowledge is information that the average, educated reader would accept as reliable without having to look it up (e.g., the chemical formula for water is H 20, or Donald Trump is the president of the United States of America). Common knowledge can change depending on your culture, geographic location, age, or other factors.

What What is is Academic Academic Integrity? Integrity? Academic integrity is fundamental to your learning at ECU. Acting with academic integrity includes not plagiarising, copying, colluding, buying assignments online, or contracting out academic work to others.

What is APA Referencing? APA is the referencing style set by the American Psychological Association. It consists of two parts: •

•

in-text citation – a short reference (author, date) contained within the text (body) of your assignment. When directly quoting from a text you must also include a page number in the citation (author, date, page); and end-text reference – the full citation details of each in-text reference used in the text of your assignment (i.e., all the information required to locate your source).

Every time you use information from another author, place an in-text citation in that sentence to acknowledge the author. Each in-text citation should have a corresponding end-text reference in the reference list at the end of your assignment (except personal communications, p. 5). Reference lists are arranged alphabetically by the first word of each entry (e.g., first author’s surname). See p. 8 for details. Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (February, 2020) from: Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643 American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

1

UniPrep RefStart

In In--Text Citations You must always include an in-text citation when you use the words or ideas of another writer. In-text citations have two formats: parenthetical (within round brackets/parentheses) and narrative. A parenthetical citation can appear within or at the end of a sentence. When a parenthetical citation is at the end of a sentence, place the full stop, or other end punctuation, after the closing parenthesis: • Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016). In a narrative citation, the author is incorporated into the text as part of the sentence and the date generally appears in parentheses immediately after the author’s name: • Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.

Quoting • • • •

• • • • •

•

All direct quotations from a work should be reproduced word for word, keeping the original spelling and internal punctuation (even where it is incorrect). Incorporate short direct quotations within your text, enclosed in double quotation marks (“. . .”). Direct quotations must include a reference to the page number or specific location of the quote in the original work (author, year, page number). For electronic (online) sources where there is no page number, use a heading or section name (abbreviate in quotation marks if too long) and/or a paragraph number: o (DeAngelis, 2018, Musical Forays section, para. 4) o (Chamberlin, 2014, para. 1) o (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017, “What Can You Do” section) If quotes appear at the end of a sentence, the full stop is placed after the brackets of the citation. If quotations appear mid-sentence, the source is cited in brackets directly after the quotation marks, and the sentence is continued. If you are adding information to a quote, adding emphasis, correcting errors, or clarifying ambiguous place names, identify this by using square brackets [ ]. If you are omitting parts of a quote, use an ellipsis (. . .) to indicate that you have removed material. It is not usually necessary to use an ellipsis at the beginning or end of a quotation. Vary the way in which you incorporate quotations to make your writing more interesting: o According to Palladino and Wade (2010, p. 147), “a flexible mind is a healthy mind”. o In 2010, Palladino and Wade noted that “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (p. 147). o In fact, “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (Palladino & Wade, 2010, p. 147). o “A flexible mind is a healthy mind,” according to Palladino and Wade’s (2010, p. 147) longitudinal study. o Palladino and Wade’s (2010) results indicate that “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (p. 147). Long quotations (40 words or more) are displayed in block format, which means that the quote starts on a new line, indented from the left margin. It has double line spacing and no quotation marks. The full stop is placed before the brackets of the citation at the end.

Paraphrasing Paraphrasing A paraphrase restates another’s idea in your own words. Paraphrasing can take a number of forms, depending on how you choose to structure your sentence. You are not required to include a page number for a paraphrase, but you may include one to help the reader locate the relevant passage. It will also help you keep track of your sources. • • • •

Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course showed . . . (Kessler, 2014). Kessler (2014) found that among epidemiological samples . . . Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler, 2014, p. 28) showed . . . In 2014, Kessler’s study of epidemiological samples showed that . . .

Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (February, 2020) from: Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643 American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

2

UniPrep RefStart

Summarising Summarising involves taking the main ideas from a text (one or more paragraphs, an entire article, a chapter, or a complete work) and rewriting them in your own words. A summary is significantly shorter than the original text and tends to give an overview of a topic. As with paraphrasing, you must indicate your source, both in-text and in your reference list.

Synthesising Synthesising pulls together the information you have gained from your reading from a number of sources and makes it your own. When you synthesise, you paraphrase and summarise to produce new ideas or arguments. Unlike paraphrasing or summarising, which only use one author’s idea at a time, synthesising combines the work of two or more sources to produce a new, more complex product. Citations for the ideas of others must be included, both in-text and in your reference list.

Integrating Integrating Others’ Others Others’ Ideas Ideas Into Into Your Your Writing Writing When you summarise or paraphrase someone else's information in several sentences, putting a citation at the end of each sentence looks awkward, and is awkward to read. Avoid this by using a lead-in at the beginning of your paragraph. Introduce the source you are summarising or paraphrasing at the beginning of the paragraph, and then refer back to the source when needed, to ensure your reader understands you are still using the same source: •

Frogs are excellent indicator species to measure wetland health. According to a recent study by Willemssen (2010), frogs are very sensitive to changes in pH caused by acid rain, and they are also very sensitive to different types of pollution. The study notes that when frog populations in a wetland plummet, one can be sure that something is going wrong in the wetland. In addition, when oddities in frog morphology appear, like frogs with five legs or two heads, one can also assume something is going wrong in the wetland environment (Willemssen, 2010).

In the following paragraph, the citation occurs only at the end, so the reader does not know exactly which information comes from the source. Do not do this: •

Frogs are excellent indicator species to measure wetland health. They are sensitive to changes in pH caused by acid rain, and they are also very sensitive to different types of pollution. When frog populations in a wetland plummet, one can be sure that something is going wrong in the wetlands. In addition, when oddities in frog morphology appear, like frogs with five legs or two heads, one can also assume something is going wrong in the wetland environment (Willemssen, 2010).

Johnson, D. (2018, June 26). Can I use one citation at the end of a multiple sentence paragraph, or do I have to cite for every sentence? Library and Learning Services, Rasmussen College. https://rasmussen.libanswers.com/friendly.php?slug=faq/32328In

Authors •

• •

An author may be o an individual, o multiple people, o a group (institution, government agency, organisation), or o a combination of people and groups. Invert all individual authors’ names, providing the surname first, followed by a comma and the initials: Author, A. A. Cite authors (in-text and in the end reference list) in the order in which they have been listed on the source. Never change the order of the authors as this order reflects the relative contributions of those involved.

Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (February, 2020) from: Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643 American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

3

UniPrep RefStart The information you provide in a citation about an author depends upon the number of authors. •

Single author: When citing a single author in an in-text citation, insert the surname of the author. o It has been suggested that . . . (Davies, 2012). o Davies (2012) suggests . . .

•

Two authors: When there are two authors, both surnames should be used in every in-text citation. Use ‘and’ (the word) in a narrative citation (within a sentence) and an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation when citing two authors. o Davidson and Porter (2012) demonstrated that . . . o It has been demonstrated that . . . (Davidson & Porter, 2012).

•

The Latin abbreviation et al. means and others.

•

Three to 20 authors: When there are three to 20 authors, include the surname of only the first author followed by et al. in every in-text citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity. The end-text citation will list all authors. o The study concluded . . . (Smith et al., 2015). o Smith et al. (2015) suggest . . .

•

21 or more authors: When there are 21 or more authors, include the surname of only the first author followed by et al. in every in-text citation. o It was shown that . . . (Kalnay et al., 1996). o According to Kalnay et al. (1996), . . . For the end-text reference, include the first 19 authors’ names, insert an ellipsis (but no ampersand), and then add the final author’s surname: Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A. . . . Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437–471. https://doi.org/fg6rf9

•

Groups as authors: If you wish to abbreviate the name of a group (if citing it three or more times), write the name in full the first time that it occurs in an in-text citation, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. Use square brackets [ ] if the abbreviation is inside parentheses. In subsequent citations, you can just use the abbreviation. The abbreviation is not included in the end-text reference as it is not part of the official title. o First mention:  According to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC, 2017) . . . o Subsequent mentions:  According to the ABC (2017) . . . o First mention:  (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2014). o Subsequent mentions:  (ABS, 2014).

•

Multiple works by the same author: If there is more than one source by the same author, list the end-text references in date order.

•

Multiple works by the same author and same date: If there is more than one source by the same author (or by authors in the same order), with the same publication date, identify them using lower-case letters of the alphabet after the year; repeat the year. Assign the letters alphabetically by title (of the article, chapter or complete work): o (Jones, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c). o Several studies (Jones, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c) indicate . . . o Past research (Thornlie & Winters, 2015a, 2015b) . . .

Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (February, 2020) from: Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643 American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

4

UniPrep RefStart •

Multiple works by different authors: If citing multiple works, list the citations in alphabetical order by the first author’s surname, and use a semi-colon to separate each citation. o Several studies (Moore & Teather, 2013; Mostert & Snowball, 2013; Mulder et al., 2014) . . . o Studies of student perceptions of peer assessments have produced mixed results (Moore & Teather, 2013; Mostert & Snowball, 2013; Mulder et al., 2014).

•

Author referred to by another author (secondary sources): A primary source reports original content; a secondary source refers to content first reported in another source. Cite secondary sources sparingly; try to find the primary source. In the text, identify the primary source and then write “as cited in” the secondary source that you used. Include the year of publication of both the primary and secondary sources. If Sadler’s work (1983) is cited in Moore and Teather (2013) and you did not read Sadler’s work: o . . . (Sadler, 1983, as cited in Moore & Teather, 2013). o Sadler (1983; as cited in Moore & Teather, 2013) describes . . . o Sadler (1983), as cited in Moore and Teather (2013), suggests . . . For the end-text reference, only list the secondary source that you read (in this example, Moore and Teather, 2013).

Personal Communications Personal communications may be letters, memos, interviews, telephone conversations, electronic communications (e.g., email or messages from non-archived discussion groups, or electronic bulletin boards) or lectures and materials from course management software, such as Blackboard. • Personal communications are cited in the body of your assignment to show the reader that you have a source for your information. • They are cited in-text only, because the reader cannot track the source as a primary document. • They are not included in the reference list because readers cannot retrieve the information. • You must provide the initials and surname of the communicator, as well as a date that is as exact as possible: o T. Moss (personal communication, November 27, 2019) advises . . . o . . . (P. Nelligan, personal communication, February 21, 2020). Use these sources sparingly, if at all; more credible sources are preferred. Your references should have scholarly relevance.

No Publication Date When a work has no publication date, use the abbreviation n.d. (no date) to indicate that the source’s publication date is not available: • •

These strategies have been successfully used . . . (Browning, n.d.). Browning (n.d.) used a number of successful strategies . . .

When citing webpages do not use a copyright date from the footer because this date may not indicate when the content on the site was published. If a note indicates the “last updated” date of the page, use that date if it applies to the content you are citing. Provide the most specific date possible (e.g., year, month, and day; year and month; or year only). If no separate date of publication is indicated on the webpage for the work you are citing, treat the work as having no date (n.d.).

Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (February, 2020) from: Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643 American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

5

UniPrep RefStart

Reporting Reporting Verbs Verbs In academic writing, you refer to ideas or research of others by using reporting verbs. Your choice of reporting verb can show the reader how you feel about the research you are quoting or paraphrasing. It is important you understand and know how to use the verb correctly before placing it in a sentence, and that you use past or present tense as appropriate. Using the same reporting words makes your writing sound repetitive. Vary your reporting verbs for more interesting writing.

Examples

Your Position

Jones (2013) notes that using a variety of reporting verbs can improve students’ writing style.

Neutral

It has been suggested that using a variety of reporting verbs can improve students’ writing style (Jones, 2013). Jones’s (2013) study affirms that using a variety of reporting verbs can improve students’ writing style. A study by Jones (2013) challenges the view that using a variety of reporting verbs can improve students’ writing style.

Tentative – other opinions may be present Strong – evidence in favour of an argument Strong – evidence against an argument