UNIT 1- Introduction TO Health AND Wellness PDF

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UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH AND WELLNES August 17, 2018 11:13 AM

WHAT IS HEALTH? • Most people think about physical indicators, absence of disease DEFINING HEALTH AND WELLNESS • Evolved overtime • Early civilizations, health and illness were linked to spirituality and religion ○ Illness and disease thought of as punishment wrought on by higher power • Overtime saw environmental factors as cause of disease • In Middle Ages health was simply defined as the absence of disease because they were rampant • 1947, WHO defined health as: not merely the absence of disease of infirmity but as a state of complete physical, mental ad social well-being ○ Ushered in new era which incorporated longevity and quality of life • Wellness: deliberate lifestyle choice characterized by personal responsibility and optimal enhancement of physical, mental and spiritual health ○ It's purposeful: individuals make deliberate choices every day which impact their health and wellbeing ○ Its a dynamic process: not something you can achieve and be done; its ongoing and dynamic process MODEL OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS • Health Belief Model ○ Used to help people change unhealthy behaviours such as smoking, overeating inactivity to encourage them to take positive health actions

HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

• 3 stages of health-related action linked by arrows • The model is based on several key premises about what health-related actions to take ○ Believe that a negative health outcome can be avoided if they do so ○ Believe that they will personally be able to prevent the negative health outcome if they engage in behaviour ○ Believe that they can successfully make the change necessary • Attitudes is a feeling or way of thinking that affects a person's behaviour • Beliefs are a state or habit of mind in which trust or confidence is placed in some person or thing ○ Both predisposing influences on your capacity to change • According to this model, people will take health-related action based on the following factors ○ Perceived susceptibility: people will change their health behaviours only if they believe they are at risk ○ Perceived severity: refers to the probability that an individual will change depending on how serious he or she believes that consequence of no changing is ○ Perceived benefits: people change when they truly believe there is "something in it for them" ○ Cues to action: refers to how people will change when they notice or experience something that helps them move from thinking about changing to actually making the change ○ Self-efficacy: person's belief that he or she has the ability to make and follow through on a lifestyle change process increases the likelihood of a change in behaviour https://cac-onenote.officeapps.live.com/o/onenoteframe.aspx?ui=en…&hid=b874b19e-f064-7000-9dbc-1e38252a8705&wdorigin=sharepoint,704

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PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL • Takes into account individualm as well as social and environmental factors which can support or challenge healthy behaviours • Developed as a cost-benefit framework • Spells out factors that shape health behaviour and organizes them into 3 domains ○ Predisposing factors: encourage behaviour change or inhibit us from changing; knowledge, self-efficacy, attitudes, belieifs, values and exisiting skilles ○ Enabling factors makes it easier or harder for people to change their behaviours; physical and mental capacititiesm resources, living conditions, social support and developing skills ○ Reinforcing factors serve as external rewards for healthy behaviour; looking for external validation

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TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL OF CHANGE Most useful for conceptualizing behaviour change developed in the 80's Takes into account that individuals var in their readiness for change Sets specific types of interventions which are likely to be helpful People go through behavioural change tend to pass through a sequence of stages ○ Precontemplation: no intention; may not be aware of issue that may need to be considered ○ Contemplation aware of issue and considering making change, feedback from others, may stay forever but most make the next move in 6 months ○ Preparation: intend to chage a problem within the next month; make plans for the change ○ Action: modifying behaviour according to their plan; changes made are visible to others ○ Maintenence: continure to work at changing their behaviour ○ Termination: some people think it is not possible but it can be so deepl ingrained that it becomes a anew habit and a person can't imagine abandoning it

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH MODEL • Acknowledges that health is determined by complex interactions between our environment, our genetic makeup, and where we live and work • Every list differs slightly in determinants of health but generally: income and income disparities, education, unemployment and job security, employment and working conditions, early childhood development, food security, housing, social exclusion, social safety net, health services, aboriginal status, gender, race, disabillity • Social Determinants of Health video: which do you se as central in determing your current health status ○ ○ ○ ○

Income, education and occupation lead to healthier life Determinants of health: who they are(age, sex, genetics) and what they do, conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age Health inequalities Frameworks - WHO • Structural determiants: socio-economic and political context (lead to unequal distribution of material and monetary resources • Intermediary determinants (material, psychosocial factors, biological factors • Social cohesion and social capital brudge these two together

SEVEN DIMENSIONS OF WELLNESS • Begun with Canada's First Nations communities https://cac-onenote.officeapps.live.com/o/onenoteframe.aspx?ui=en…&hid=b874b19e-f064-7000-9dbc-1e38252a8705&wdorigin=sharepoint,704

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Critical aspect is holism: idea that physical and spiritual world are connected as are individuals and ther environments Balance of the 4 aspects od self: physical, mental, emotional, spiritual PHYSICAL: maintaing your physical body SOCIAL maintaining relationships with others and making a contribution to society INTELLECTUAL ability to think and learn from life experiences; capacity to questions and evaluate info SPIRITUAL identifying our basic purpose in life EMOTIONAL the degree to which one feels positive and entusiastic about oneself and life; awareness and acceptance of a wide range of feelings in oneself and others • OCCUPATIONAL engaging in work that provides satisfaction and opportunites for learning new skilles • ENVIRONMENTAL recognize relationship between humans and their environment; personal choice that minimize negative environmental impacts

HEALTH AND WELLBEING OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN CANADA • Canadians rate their health more positively than most other countries • One reason is due to our health care system ○ Publicly asministered, non-profit; insurance ○ Comprhensive; licensed practioners, inpatient servicesm outpatient services ○ Universal ○ Portable ○ Accessible ○ However, long wait times for services and treatments that are not considered urgent Healt and Lifestyle Behaviours of University Students • Typically emerging adults, phrase made by researcher Jeffrey Arnett; refers to a time of life after adolescence but before young people have all the responsibilities of adulthood ○ Characerized by change and uncertaintity; can be stressful and make it difficult to maintain optimal ○ Students engage in behaviours detrimental to their health, men more then women, living on res, psychological distress bc biggest transition Health at UoG • Overall health match regional and national average • Same common reported diagnoses or illnesses • About 50% getting more than 3 servings of fruit or vggies • Uog taking student wellfare serously FLASHCARDS • • • • •

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Action: modifying behaviour according to a plan; commitment of time and energy is required Attitudes: feeling or way of thinking that affects a person's behaviour Beliefs: state or abit of mind in which trust or confidence is placed in some person or thing Contemplation: awareness that there is a problem behaviour and the consideration of changing it within the next 6 months Enabling factors: factors that make it possible or easier for people or populations to change their behaviours; include individual physical capabilities and mental capacities, resources, living conditions, societal support and accessible facilities, programs, and services as well as developing skills in addition to predisposing existing skills Eidemiology the study of how often diseases occur in different grous of people and why Globalization increased transnational movement of capaital, goods, people and poliical systems and a rapid turnover of idea and images through new communication technologies Health: state of complete well-being, including physcial, psychologicla, spiritual, social, intellectual, and environmental components Health Belief Model (HBM): developed in the 1950's by social psychologists Hochbaum, Rosenstock and Kegels and updated in the 1980's, the model helps to explain and predict health behaviours Health Promotion: educational and informational process in which people are helped to change in attitudes and behaviours in an effort to improve their health Healthy Environments: creation of conditions and surroundings conducive to health Holism: an emphasis on the interconnectedness between an individual and his or her mind, body and spirity Hygeine: healthy; a science of the establishment and maintenance of health; conditions or practices conducive to health Locus of control: an individual's belie about the source of power and influence over his or her life; internal influence (from within themselves) rather than external influence Maintenance: continued work at changing behaviour, may take 6 months to a lifetime with possibility of lapses Modelling: observing other eople and emulating their behaviours, successes, or positive lifestyle choices Morbidity: disease ratres in one period of tie or in one place Mortality: number of deaths in one period of time or in one place Mutual aid: actions people take to help each other cope Norms: unwritten rule regarding behaviour and conduct expected or accepted by a group Panacea: to heal; a remedy for all difficulties; a cure-all Population health: way of thinking about the social and economic forces that shape health

○ Builds upon public health and health promotion, but goes beyond our traditional understanding of the causes of health and illness • Positive visualization: creating a mental picture of a goal or a behviour change and visualizing yourself making that change • Precontemplations: a stage in which you are not even aware that you have a problem and in which you have no intention to change; others around https://cac-onenote.officeapps.live.com/o/onenoteframe.aspx?ui=en…&hid=b874b19e-f064-7000-9dbc-1e38252a8705&wdorigin=sharepoint,704

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you may be aware • Predisposing factors encourage or inhibit us from changing such as knowldge, attitudes, beliefs, values. Self-efficacy, behavioural intentions and existing skills • Preparation intent to change a problem benhaviou within the next month • Prevention: info and support offerend to ehlp healthy people indentidy their risks, reduce stressors, prevent potential medical problems and enhance teir well-being • Protection: measures that an individual can take when participating in risky behaviour to prevent injury or unwanted risks • Rational-Emotive Therapy (REP): form of therapy develped by Ellis that focuses on changing irrational beliefs and faulty interpretations, which result in negative emotions and severe anxiety • Reinforcments: reward or punishment for a behviour that will inc or dec the likelihood of repeating behaviour • Reinforcing factors: factors that reinforce change; praise, rewards, encouragement and recognition, also include healthy community policies • Self-care: decisions and actions individuals take in the interest of their own health • Self-instructional methods: practice of positive self-talk to help an individual cope better wth stresseful situations • Self-talk: repitition of positive messages about one's self-worth to learn more optimistic patterns of thought, feeling, and behaviour • Shaping: buildng desired behaviour in small steps and rewarding positive behaviour changes over time • Social determinants of health (SDOH): aspect very important to health and wellness status, such as income inequality, job security, working conditions, housing and food security, educayion and care in early life, and social exclusion of individuals and groups • Termination: last stage of Stages of Change model where after 2-5 years, a person's behaviour becomes so deeply engrained they cannot iagine life without it • Wellness: deliberate lifestyle choice charactersized by personal responsibility and optimal enhancement of physical, mental and spiritual health

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