US History Lecture Notes – 13 PDF

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US History Lecture Notes – 13 November 30th, 2017 The Road to Disunion and the American Civil War “Dividing the National Map” – 1860 -

Separation between the north and the south

Compromise between 1850 -

Four Parts: o California: admitted as a free state o Slave trade abolished in Washington D.C., but not the institution of slavery in Washington DC - 1862 o Stronger Fugitive Slave Law – Southerners will be happy about this o Question of slavery in Utah and New Mexico: popular sovereignty o Popular sovereignty – people who lived in Utah and new Mexico would decide for themselves about whether or not they would allow slavery o Southerners think that popular sovereignty might work in their favor

Fugitive Slave Law, 1850 -

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Special federal commissioners determined fate of fugitives, they will receive compensation for ruling that these people are in fact escaped slaves o Citizens compelled to assist in capture of runaways o If northerners refuse to do so they could face up to 6 months in jail and could be fined $1,000 o Northerners will not like this, it will aggravate them Act gave Federal Government tremendous power It settled nothing and in act made the situation worse

1854, Kansas – Nebraska Act -

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Crafted by Stephen A. Douglas He wanted the territory of Kansas and Nebraska to be organized Transcontinental railroad to go through his home state of Illinois – would create jobs and boost the economy In order for it to pass through Illinois Kansas and Nebraska must be organized first Southerners were against this because once a territory is organized they will eventually apply for statehood and could eventually become free states because they are above the Missouri compromise line Popular sovereignty

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o Repealed 36 degree 30 parallel division from Missouri compromise Inflamed tensions over slavery: o Term “bleeding Kansas” o Attack on Senator Charles Sumner by congressmen Preston Brooks o Emergence of the Republican Party Senator Douglas repealed the Missouri compromise and it unleashed a firestorm

John Brown - Was an abolitionist - Made it to harpers ferry – attack on harpers ferry - He was in Kansas during the civil war Lawrence – Kansas -

Attack on Kansas by proslavery John Brown and some of his sons go to a proslavery demonstration He grabs 5 random proslavery people He murders them in front of their families with swords Happened in 1856

Attack in Washington D.C. - 1856 -

Sumner senator attacked in chamber by congressmen Preston Brooks Sumner was giving a speech about a relative of preston brooks Basically sumner was saying that this relative had taken slavery as his mistress Brooks was upset about what had been said about his relative After everything was said brooks went up to sumner and started beating sumner over the head with his cane repeatedly Sumner was trying to avoid being beaten that managed to unbolt the desk from the floor The beating continued till others intervened Some people in the south believe brooks is a hero These people who label him a hero will send him gold tip canes Sumner was extremely wounded from the attack It will take him at least 18 months to recover Brooks resigns from the house of representatitives Two years later brooks is relelected

Republications will say slavery should not be allowed to exist Dred Scott -

Slave Dred Scott sued for his freedom Went to supreme court in 1857

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o His owner had taken him to a free state of Illinois for 2 years, free territory of Wisconsin for 2 years o He will argue that because of the time he spent in these free states he is a free individual Chief justice Roger B. Taney: o Justice Taney is going to rule that no he is not free because of the time he spent in a free state o He is going to make a supreme court ruling o Congress lacked power to ban slavery from territory o Missouri compromise? o Does congress have the authority to ban slavery from any territory? Taney will say congress did not have the authority to ban slavery anywhere in the US o It is unconstitutional o Taney is going to go one step further – he is going to decide who is or is not a citizen of the united states – African Americans and Dred Scott were not citizens o African Americans had no rights that they were not citizen and because they had no rights that white individuals did not have to respect their rights

John Brown’s Raid, 1859 -

An assault on the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia Trapped in the firehouse Rebellion put down by lieutenant-colonel Robert E. Lee and Lieutenant J.E.B. Stuart Tried for Treason against the state of Virginia Started this raid with 5 other individuals John brown is trapped in the firehouse Eventually united states military will intervene They send two individuals who will be extremely important in the confederacy Robert E. Lee will eventually become the leader of confederate forces Lieutenant Jebb. Stuart he will become Lee’s eyes and ears and will alert Lee to where the enemies are John Brown will be captured and hanged in Virginia in December of 1859 John brown was convicted of treason John brown is a hero in the north

Election of 1860 -

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Democratic Party Split o Northern democrats: Senator Stephen Douglas o Southern Democrats: John C. Breckenridge Republican Party: Abraham Lincoln Constitutional Union Party: John Bell (From clockwise: Bell, Lincoln, Douglass, Breckenridge)

1860 Election Results -

Election returns sectional o Lincoln’s name not on ballot in 10 southern states that seceded Second highest voter turnout in U.S. history – 81.2% of all eligible voters turn out Lincoln’s name appeared on the southern state of Virginia

Succession -

Seven southern states seceded after lincoln’s election First state: South Carolina o December 120, 1860 Followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas o These states had the largest populations of slaves in the deep south o They seceded before lincoln’s inauguration o Some states decided to take a wait and see attitude: Tennesse, Arkansas, Virginia, Oklahoma o Southerners have overlooked one very important fact – Lincoln said numerous times he would not touch slavery where it already existed.

The Start of the Civil War -

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April 12, 1861: o Lincoln said he would not be responsible for firing the first shot that started the civil war. First shot came from south carolina o Fort sumter fired on by confederate artillery o Lincoln has to decide whether to supply fort sumter with supplies and food o He alerted the governor of south Carolina only with food o The union did not like this, they wanted to the united states to give up the fort o The union fires on the fort and manage to take it over. Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to surpress the rebellion Succession of the upper south slave states

Union Advantages and disadvantages

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Advantages: Human resources – more men of military age (18 – 45) north had 3.5 mill and south had 1 mill of military age Transportation Greater industrial development o Firearm production: 3200 to 100 o Production of cotton and woolen textiles

Disadvantages: - Faced hostile people - Unfamiliar with southern territory Create shoe factory in the city of New Orleans Confederate Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages: -

Highly motivated fighters Did not need to win to obtain independence – fight to a draw Skilled military leaders in the south – stonewall Jackson, Jebb Stuart

Disadvantages: -

Smaller populations – less eligible men to fight Few factories – less ammunition, less uniforms, less shoes Fewer railroad miles – only 30 % of railroad track was in the south Jefferson Davis – confederate president - was a US Senator, was secretary of war under franklin Pierce, served under distinction in the Mexican war Jefferson Davis did not like to be contradicted, did not like to hear that he was wrong, he was a micro manager Belief in states’ rights

War Strategies -

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Confederacy: Offensive – Defensive Strategy o They were willing to go on the offensive should an opportunity present itself o They go on the offensive in Gettysburg Union: “Anaconda Plan” o Proposed by General Winfield Scott (he was o Crush the enemy with the anaconda plan o 3 parts to plan 1. a naval blockade of southern ports (early years of the war this was not effective) they had to defend about 3,500 miles 1861,1862) 2. Take control over the entire Mississippi River – take away ability to move men and supplies along the river. It also splits the confederacy in half. Louisanna, Arkansas, and texas would be isolated from the rest of the confederacy 3....