US History until 1865 final exam review guide PDF

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a final exam review guide with vocabulary and terms definitions as well as major historical events for the class taught by professor Karine Walther...

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ID usos: -13th Amendment: The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. The amendment was passed on January 31, 1865. -14th Amendment: The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States," including formerly enslaved people, and provided all citizens with “equal protection under the laws,” extending the provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states. The amendment authorized the government to punish states that abridged citizens’ right to vote by proportionally reducing their representation in Congress. -15th Amendment: The Fieenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." -American Colonization Society: The American Colonization Society (ACS) was formed in 1817 to send free African-Americans to Africa as an alternative to emancipation in the United States. In 1822, the society established on the west coast of Africa a colony that in 1847 became the independent nation of Liberia.

-American System: The American system was a national economic plan put forth by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and the Whig party throughout the first half of the 19thcentury. The plan consisted of three major components: 1. Pass high tariffs (taxes) on imports to protect American businesses and to increase revenues. 2. Re-establish a Bank of the United States (original charter had expired in 1811) in order to stabilize US currency and state banks.

3. Develop and support internal capital improvements, primarily consisting of designing and constructing roads and canals. The American System shaped national economic policy in the first half of the 19th century. It helped the young nation to grow in strength. Domestically, the American System was met with mixed reactions from the public. -Anaconda Plan: Anaconda plan, military strategy proposed by Union General Winfield Scott early in the American Civil War. The plan called for a naval blockade of the Confederate littoral, a thrust down the Mississippi, and the strangulation of the South by Union land and naval forces.

-Andrew Jackson: Andrew Jackson was an American lawyer, soldier, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson gained fame as a general in the United States Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. Known as the "people's president," Jackson destroyed the Second Bank of the United States, founded the Democratic Party, supported individual liberty and instituted policies that resulted in the forced migration of Native Americans.

-Andrew Johnson: Andrew Johnson was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Andrew Johnson is most known for being the president to take over aer Abraham Lincoln was killed. He is also known for being one of the three presidents to be impeached.

-Bank War: The Bank War was a political struggle that developed over the issue of rechartering the Second Bank of the United States during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The affair resulted in the shutdown of the Bank and its replacement by state banks.

-Black Codes: Black codes were restrictive laws designed to limit the freedom of African Americans and ensure their availability as a cheap labor force aer slavery was abolished during the Civil War. Though the Union victory had given some 4 million enslaved people their freedom, the question of freed blacks’ status in the postwar South was still very much unresolved. Under black codes, many states required Black people to sign yearly labor contracts; if they refused, they risked being arrested, fined and forced into unpaid labor. Outrage over black codes helped undermine support for President Andrew Johnson and the Republican Party.

-Bleeding Kansas: describes the period of repeated outbreaks of violent guerrilla warfare between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces following the creation of the new territory of Kansas in 1854. In all, some 55 people were killed between 1855 and 1859.

-Burned-Over District: The Canal brought all kinds of people to upstate New York. Many of them were young, looking to capitalize on a growing national economy, and ready for a new spiritual revival. During the Second Great Awakening, evangelical religious fervor swept the country, especially the Northeast and Midwest, and new ideas and beliefs spread via the Erie Canal. New religious and utopian movements such as the Oneida Community, the Spiritualists, the Shakers and the Mormons, moved westward along the canal route, rapidly descending on port towns and then moving on. This fast-moving wave of spirituality and religious zeal, which converted so many so quickly, prompted observers to refer to the Genesee Valley as the “Burned-Over District.”

-Charles Sumner: an American statesman and United States Senator from Massachusetts. As an academic lawyer and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the anti-slavery forces in the state and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the U.S. Senate during the American Civil War.

-Cherokee: includes people descended from members of the Old Cherokee Nation who relocated, due to increasing pressure, from the Southeast to Indian Territory and Cherokee who were forced to relocate on the Trail of Tears.

-Civil Rights Act of 1866: The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law. It was mainly intended, in the wake of the American Civil War, to protect the civil rights of persons of African descent born in or brought to the United States.

-Compromise of 1877: The Compromise of 1877 was an unwritten deal, informally arranged among U.S. Congressmen, that settled the intensely disputed 1876 presidential election. It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, and ending the Reconstruction Era.

-Confederate States of America: The Confederate States of America, commonly

referred to as the Confederate States or the Confederacy, was an unrecognized breakaway state in existence from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865, that fought against the United States of America during the American Civil War.

-Contraband: Contrabands were slaves who escaped to Union lines during the Civil

War. When the conflict began, the North's aim was primarily to preserve the Union, not to end slavery. -Cotton Gin: Suddenly cotton became a lucrative crop and a major export for the

South. However, because of this increased demand, many more slaves were needed to grow cotton and harvest the fields. Slave ownership became a fiery national issue and eventually led to the Civil War. -Crittenden Compromise: an unsuccessful proposal to permanently enshrine slavery

in the United States Constitution, and thereby make it unconstitutional for future

congresses to end slavery. It was introduced by United States Senator John J. Crittenden (Constitutional Unionist of Kentucky) on December 18, 1860. -Cult of Domesticity: also known as the cult of true womanhood, is an ideology about

the roles proper for white women in the 1800s. This way of thinking promoted the ideal that wealthy white women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home. -“Declaration of the Immediate Causes of Secession”: Seven states of the Cotton

Kingdom seceded aer Lincoln's election, led by South Carolina, the most radical slave state. Their Declaration of the Immediate Causes of Secession identified slavery as the root cause. -Doughfaces : a Northern congressman not opposed to slavery in the South before or

during the American Civil War -Dra Riots: violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan, widely regarded as the

culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to dra men to fight in the ongoing civil war -Dred Scott Decision (Dred Scott vs. Sandford): legal case in which the U.S. Supreme

Court on March 6, 1857, ruled (7–2) that a slave (Dred Scott) who had resided in a free state and territory (where slavery was prohibited) was not thereby entitled to his freedom; that African Americans were not and could never be citizens of the United States; and that the Missouri Compromise (1820), which had declared free all territories west of Missouri and north of latitude 36°30′, was unconstitutional. -Election of 1860: The 1860 United States presidential election was the 19th quadrennial presidential election, held on November 6, 1860. The Election of 1860 demonstrated the divisions within the United States just before the Civil War. The election was unusual

because four strong candidates competed for the presidency. The dominant party, the Democratic Party, had split into two sectional factions, with each promoting its own candidate. The Republican Party was relatively new; 1860 was only the second time the party had a candidate in the presidential race. The Constitutional Union Party was also new; 1860 was the first and only time the party ran a candidate for president. The results of the 1860 election pushed the nation into war. Lincoln won the election, and had more electoral votes and more popular votes than any candidate.

-Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leader of the women's rights movement in the U.S. during the mid- to late-1800s. She was the main force behind the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, the first convention to be called for the sole purpose of discussing women's rights, and was the primary author of its Declaration of Sentiments.

-Emancipation Proclamation: The Emancipation Proclamation, or Proclamation 95, was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, during the Civil War. The proclamation declared, "all persons held as slaves within any States, or designated part of the State, the people whereof shall be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." The Emancipation Proclamation did not free all slaves in the United States.

-Enforcement Acts: The Enforcement Acts were three bills passed by the United States Congress between 1870 and 1871. They were criminal codes that protected African-Americans' right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws.

-Filibustering: It involved privately financed schemes directed at capturing and occupying foreign territory without the approval of the US government.

-Free Soil Party

-Freedmen’s Bureau -Fugitive Slave Act

-Gabriel’s Rebellion: An enslaved slave Gabriel led about 1000 men in a plan to end slavery in Virginia (August 1800). This plan was revealed by 2 enslaved men and Gabriel and his men were captured and hung. This sophisticated plan challenged the assumption of black intellectual inferiority and led many others to believe something resembling Haitian revolt is at Virginia's doorstep. This led the Virginia government to increase restrictions on free people of color. -Gag Rule -Gold Rush -Haitian Revolution: The Haitian Revolution was a successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti. The revolt began on 22 August 1791, and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence. -Henry Clay -Honor Culture -Indian Removal Act -Internal Slave Trade -John Brown -Kansas-Nebraska Act -Know-Nothing Party

-Ku Klux Klan: They are an American white supremacist terrorist hate group whose primary targets are African Americans as well as Jews, immigrants, leists, homosexuals, Catholics, Muslims, and Atheists. The Klan has existed in three distinct eras at different points in time during the history of the United States.

-Liberty Party: The Liberty Party was a minor political party in the United States in the 1840s. The party was an early advocate of the abolitionist cause and it broke away from the American Anti-Slavery Society to advocate the view that the Constitution was an anti-slavery document.

-Louisiana Purchase: The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from France in 1803. In return for fieen million dollars, or approximately eighteen dollars per square mile, the United States nominally acquired a total of 828,000 sq mi. The Louisiana Purchase eventually doubled the size of the United States, greatly strengthened the country materially and strategically, provided a powerful impetus to westward expansion, and confirmed the doctrine of implied powers of the federal Constitution.

-Missouri Crisis: Representative James Tallmadge (1778-1853) of New York provoked the crisis in February 1819 by introducing an amendment that would prohibit the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and provide for the emancipation of the children of slaves at the age of 25.

-Missouri Compromise

-Monroe Doctrine: The Monroe Doctrine is a key part of U.S. foreign policy. President James Monroe issued the policy in 1823. It stated that North and South America were no longer open to colonization. It also declared that the United States would not allow European countries to interfere with independent governments in the Americas.

-Nat Turner’s Rebellion: Nat Turner's Rebellion was a rebellion of enslaved Virginians that took place in Southampton County, Virginia, in August 1831, led by Nat Turner. The rebels killed between 55 and 65 people, at least 51 of whom were white. Nat Turner destroyed the white Southern myth that slaves were actually happy with their lives or too docile to undertake a violent rebellion. His revolt hardened proslavery attitudes

among Southern whites and led to new oppressive legislation prohibiting the education, movement, and assembly of slaves. The long-term effect of Nat Turner's rebellion was that it set the stage for Civil War in the United States by solidifying the positions of abolitionists and slaveholders in the North and South, respectively.

-National Woman Suffrage Association -Notes on the State of Virginia -Nullification Crisis

-Petticoat Affair -Polygenesis- The racist theory propagated which says Black Americans were the descendents of a different species, were inferior, and incapable of mental development. This is found in the Notes on the State of Virginia by Jefferson and Samuel Stanhope’s essay on the variety of complexion and figure in human species.

-Putting-Out System- Economic system in the early stages of market revolution, basically like the division of labor. Before people imported technologies from Britain, workers did laborious jobs; the company and investors “put out” raw materials to the workers which they then would would later give the final product.

-Radical Republicans -Redeemers -Republican Motherhood -Red Sticks -Republican Party -Sarah and Angelina Grimké -Second Great Awakening -Seneca Falls Convention -Separate Spheres

individually work on. All these different products

-Sharecropping -Sherman’s March -Special Field Order 15 -Stephen Douglas -Spiritual Egalitarianism -Susan B. Anthony -Tallmadge Amendment -Tecumseh -Temperance Movement- Christian moralists in the antebellum period ran a moment to curb alcoholism. -Texas Revolution -The Liberator - The first abolitionist journal that was launched by William Lloyd Garrison -Trail of Tears -Transcendentalists -Ulysses S. Grant -Uncle Tom’s Cabin -U.S.-Mexican War -Underground Railroad -Unitarianism -Whig Party -William Lloyd Garrison -Wilmot Proviso -Worcester v. Georgia -World Anti-Slavery Convention -Young America movement...