History 1310 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

Preview

Summary

HIST 1310 final exam study guide...

Description

History 1310 Final Exam Study Guide March 17 Louisiana Purchase  In 1800, France secretly reacquired Louisiana Territory and the vast Mississippi and Missouri Rivers from the Spanish (who held the region since 1763) o In planning for future battles with the British, Napoleon was originally looking at reconquering Haiti to reenslave the Haitian people and use the rich profits from sugar to finance his European Wars  Napoleon planed to use LA territory to grow food for the sugar-producing Haiti, to counterbalance the British rule in Canada, and to check and American expansion that might threaten Spain’s North American colonies o 1802- Napoleon sent an army of 30,000 to reconquer Haiti  1801- Jefferson learns about Spain and France’s secret agreement o concerned about France’s control of the vital Mississippi River and the threat to American commerce that it held  1802 Jefferson’s fears confirmed when France closes off the New Orleans port to American shippers, hugely disrupting American commerce  Summer of 1802 Jefferson instructed Robert Livingston (the American ambassador to France) to try to buy New Orleans and the surrounding area for $2 million (and up to $10 million if necessary)  Early 1803 Napoleon is defeated and forced to withdraw in Haiti  suddenly looking for money to fund European military campaigns o Napoleon offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory, including to New Orleans, to America for $15 million o April 1803 American envoy and ambassador buys the entire Louisiana Territory from Napoleon in Paris  Overnight, the size of USA more than doubled o The most peaceful acquisition of territory in US history o Gives way/solidifies Manifest Destiny  Expansion is essentially to American liberty  Additionally, the Constitution didn’t allow the President to purchase land o There was a bit of confusion on how to go on establishing and incorporating this land o Must incorporate the French and Spanish inhabitants of this land, according to the treaty with France Lewis and Clark  1804-1806  Merwther Lewis (Jefferson’s previous secretary) and William Clark (army man) begin a federal expedition (Jefferson asked Congress to fund their trip) of land west of the Mississippi River o Took a group of 50 men with them o Travel throughout Central USA and even go beyond LA Purchase land

 

 

Claimed Oregon for the USA in that the USA has a right of exploration and discovery in Oregon gave USA a right to Oregon by right of expedition o Even then, Oregon remains disputed territory for many years The first to travel and document the richness of the Louisiana area o They report about finding friendly Indians  Find culturally and ethnically diverse land  Find people of Indian ancestry and black ancestry Trip took about 2 ½ years to complete Went all the way to the Pacific

War of 1812  In June 1, 1812, President Madison asks Congress for a declaration of War against Britain leads to War of 1812 o Congress passes this on June 18, 1812  Before Britain implemented a blockade of France, US claimed neutrality and went around the blockade, this angered the British so they began to seize American ships o War was essentially an outgrowth of the Napoleonic Wars o Some British impressed American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy  Got Americans to strengthen their war effort  America wanted neutrality of the seas o Felt rights were violated because they were a neutral nation o Also blamed the British for Native American revolts on the American Western Frontier  Because the British supported Indian tribes against American expansion  USA was also interested in expanding into British territory in Canada  Declaration of War against British in War of 1812 barely passed and was divided amongst party lines and sectional lines o Federalists voted against the war o West and South supported the War  West if FOR war because they are being attacked, they are interested in expansion, and they want the British out of Canadian and Western area o New England and Mid-Atlantic opposed the war  USA gains very little from war it was a risky and unnecessary war o War gives Americans a moral boost o USA didn’t win of lose war but they still felt good about it o War increased sectionalism within USA o Francis Scott Key wrote Star-Spangled Banner (1814- Battle at Ft. McHenry)  Treaty of Ghent (signed in Belgium) in December 1814 and war officially ended in February 1815 when Congress ratified the treaty  With war over, America could focus on western expansion and settlement

Land Act of 1820  1820  Federal law that breaks western lands into smaller chunks of 80 acres o Requires full payment at the time of purchase and registration but Congress also reduced price o $1.25/acre instead of $2/acre  Law that favors speculators o Regular Americans cant just go out and buy 80 acres of land  This land law, however, is more liberal than earlier land laws o This paves the way for more liberal land laws later on (such as Hempstead Act of 1860) o Encourages westward expansion o Encourages more groups of people to move west, such as families o Westward movement is lateral o Leads to population shift out west  Outlet to West gives Americans a unique identity  Makes America more transient because people can move and furthers Jefferson’s agrarian ideal  Brings restlessness and raises question about American laws (like slavery) and changes political landscape and how Americans view their country March 19 Samuel Slater  Apprenticed in a cotton spinning factory in England and then he left for America in 1789  Teamed up with 2 men to build copies of machines he saw in England  1790-Opens a mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island Slater Mill o At the mill, they spun yarn o Slater memorized the British designs before he left o Created Mill from memory o Was the most advanced mill of its time in America o It was built on a river so that the flowing water could power the machines  Following British practice, Slater employed mainly young children and women whom he could pay far less than the handful of skilled male workers he hired to keep the machines working Francis Cabot Lowell  1810- Lowell was a young Bostonian that had a casual tour of British textile mills  Each night, Lowell made sketches from memory of the machines he saw  Returned to USA and planned to improve on the Britsh models  Teamed up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody, and made the machinery for spinning cotton more efficient and invented the power loom o Allowed the initial cleaning and carding/combing to the production of finished lengths of cloth to all be gathered together in the same factory

 



o Needs bigger capital investment than a small spinning mill such as Slater’s o Lowell’s family helped with money 1814- Lowell opened the world’s first integrated cotton mill in Waltham, MA o great success 1815- The Boston Associates (Lowell’s partners) made profits of 25% and their efficiency allowed them to survive the intense British competition following the War of 1812 o many New England mills did not survive o Indicated size mattered!!! 1823- moved enterprise to Lowell, MA at the junction of Concord an Merrimack Rivers o This new industrial community boasted 6 new mills and company housing for all the workers o Gave rise to mill towns

Missouri Compromise  1819- Missouri petitions to enter Union o There are about 10,000 slaves in Missouri o Regardless of side, Missouri would have tipped the balance of slave and free states o This opens the first, long-term discussion of slavery  1820- Maine is admitted as a free state  1821- Missouri is admitted to Union as a slave state o This prohibits slavery in the rest of Louisiana Purchase Territory north of 36’ 30’, with the exception of Missouri, of course o Touches upon and questions the rules of slavery in western Louisiana Purchase Land o Henry Clay devises this compromise/plan known as Missouri Compromise  Short term solution to a long term problem left open the question how the balance between slave and free states would be maintained  First example of how the addition of land and expansion of USA the slave debate (see also in Compromise of 1850)  Can see difference in beliefs o South is shocked that Congress would try to pass law on the matter of slavery Second Middle Passage  Early-mid 1800s  The movement of slaves from the Upper South to Lower South o Upper Southerners sold their slaves to meet the demand for labor in the new and expanding cotton-growing region of the Old Southwest  Slavery is outlawed and promotes this movement o Either they trade domestically or get smuggled slaves o Average slave is about $2,100  Slaveholders very respected in southern society

   

In every decade after 1820, at least 150,000 slaves were uprooted either by slave trading or planter migration to the new areas Between 1820 and 1860, nearly 50% of the slave population of the Upper South took part against their will in southern expansion An estimated 1 million slaves (more slaves than were ever brought to America) were uprooted and forced to migrate during this time in the early 1800s This movement causes a distinct African American experience to come about o Fusion of all these different tribal and cultural backgrounds o Cant generalize slave experience because they all had different experiences o Gave way to most important elements of slave life: family and church

Nat Turner  August 1834- led slave revolt in VA (near NC border) o Believed god selected him to revolt  Killed his slave owner and then about 60 whites o About 40 slaves (including Nat Turner) were executed for involvement in this massacre  The fact that Turner carried out his plan showed the utter despair, pain, and anger felt by slaves  As a slave, Turner had a good life (could travel bc he was a preacher and had a good owner) o Slave owners worried what would happen when slaves were treated horribly, or, more horribly than Turner  Fear uprising o VA passes law that slaves cant be preachers b/c slaves have far greater freedom as preachers  This revolt proved what white southerners wanted to ignore that only force kept slaves enslaved and in order o No system could ever be total white southerners could never be completely safe from slave revolt March 20 Era of Good Feelings  James Monroe defeated Federalist opponent in the election of 1816, effectively killing the Federalist Party  With the Federalists out of the picture, the popular Democrat-Republicans were left to run the show without much opposition  Also a reference to the nationalistic spirit after War of 1812  In 1820, when Monroe re-ran for Pres. He was un-opposed  Came to an end in 1824 presidential election when 4 candidate ran- John Quincy Adams won o Indicative of stress in country Panic of 1918

 

 



String of crises towards the end of Pres. Monroe’s first term weakened the good feelings worsened into a full-scale depression First crisis hot in 1819 overspeculation in western lands caused a financial panic o Land sales that had totaled to 1 million in 1815 had mushroomed to 3.5 million in 1818  Some lands in MS and AL, made valuable by international demand for cotton, were selling land for $100/acre  Many settlers bought land on credit, aided by small “wildcat” state banks that made loans far beyond their resources  1819- Second Bank of United States forced many state banks to foreclose on many bad loans  Many small farmers were ruined and blamed the faraway Second Bank of United States for their troubles Forced Americans to come to terms with their economic place in a peaceful world Farmers hurt the most but other, too o American shipping boom ended as British merchant ships resumed trade on routes abandoned during war o American farmers also suffered because European farm production recovered after wars o Urban workers lost their jobs as international trade declined SIGNIFICANCE show how far the country had moved from 1800 o America was now a country dominated by commerce o Anger and resentment felt and shown by groups harmed (farmers, urban workers, and southern planters) gave way to upcoming Jacksonian Era

Corrupt Bargain Nullification Crisis  In 1816, Congress passed a protective tariff that increased taxes on imported goods such as sugar, cotton, wool, and paper  As the North industrialized and new industries demanded protection, Congress increased tariff rates again tariff bills in 1824 and 1828 (and later 1832) raised rates higher and protected more items  While the tariffs helped American manufacturers, they hurt other Americans o Southern planters were doubly hurt when the increased tariff rates aligned with a decline in cotton prices o South argued:  That high tariffs worsened the agricultural depression by raising the price of goods that farmers/planters needed while simultaneously lowering the demand for agricultural products  That the tariff was unconstitutional b/c it extended the power of the federal gov. over the states  SC argued that a state had the right to declare a federal law null and void o In that case, the state would not enforce the law unless ¾ of the states ratified the law as an amendment to the Constitution



 

o If that happed, supporters argued that the state had the right to leave the Union o John Calhoun (Jackson’s Vice President) led the opposition in SC o With Calhoun’s approval, SC nullified the tariffs in 1828 and 1832  Calhoun argued that nullification wasn’t secession but rather a means of protecting minority rights By passing a new tariff in 1832, the nullification controversy became a crisis o Jackson refused to accept this  Wants to maintain order and keep support o Forced a bill through Congress that allowed fed. Gov. to collect taxes at gunpoint o Calhoun resigned as VP Most serious sectional crisis since Missouri Compromise o Huge threat to national unity SC didn’t get support from other southern states and didn’t want to act without regional support o Accepted Tariff Act of 1833 and repealed its nullification of Tariff in 1832

March 24 Bank War Indian Removal Act Trail of Tears Second Party System March 26 National Road Erie Canal Second Great Awakening March 31 Walking Cities Five Points April 2 Tommany Hall American Society for the Proclamation of Temperance Horace Mann Declaration of Sentiments April 7 Manifest Destiny  Term first used in 1845 The Indian Problem Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848  Ended Mexican American War in



Forced Mexican cessation of the territories Alta California and New Mexico to the USA in exchange for $15 million Sutter’s Mill Frederick Johnson Turner April 9 American Colonization Society William Lloyd Garrison-Ann American Anti-Slavery Society Grimke Sisters  Sisters from slaveholding family in SC  1830s--Decided to join antislavery movement up North  spoke to men and women o criticized for this contributed to women’s right movement Sojourner Truth George Fitzhugh April 14 Wilmot Proviso (385-386)  Proposed by David Wilmont, a northern Democrat, in August 1846, only a few months after the Mexican-American War had begun  He proposed to make an amendment to a military appropriations bill in order to ban slavery in all of the territories acquired from Mexico o As we see in the Northwest Ordinance (1787) and the Missouri Compromise (1820), there is a strong effort to maintain a balance between slave states and non-slave states  When this bill was proposed, slavery had already established itself in Texas so Wilmont agrees that Texas can be admitted to the Union as a slave state but that any new territories gained from Mexico must enter as non-slave states o Wilmont will allow slavery to exist where it is already established, he just wants to prevent the spread and expansion of slavery  Significant because the voting over the Wilmot Proviso highlighted sectional differences in political thought and views on slavery. It also made slavery a national topic of discussion. o Southern Whigs and Southern Democrats joined together and voted against the Proviso o Northerners of both parties supported the Proviso o Sectional interests triumph over party loyalty  Wilmot Proviso is then removed from the military appropriations bill it was originally put on, and the bill is passed (without the Proviso) because slavery isn’t seen as an immediate issue o Tried to make the Proviso a part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo failed to do this o Slavery wasn’t addressed until the Compromise of 1850



Wilmot Proviso challenged both Whigs and Democrats because neither could take a strong stance on the amendment or slavery because they couldn’t get both their northern and southern wings to agree

Free Soil Party (387)  The Free Soil Party was a political party active in the mid-1800s that opposed slavery  Drew support from Northern Democrats, antislavery Whigs, and former Liberty Party supporters (Liberty Party was an uncompromising anti-slavery party whose decline gave way to the Free Soil Party)  Supported free soil, free speech, free labor, free men  They shifted the focus from questioning the morality of slavery to the ways in which slavery posed a threat to northern expansion o The Free Soil Party established a direct link between expansion, which most Americans supported, and sectional slavery politics  Would allow slavery to continue in pre-existing slave states (for the sake of the Union) but refused to allow slavery to expand into new and unorganized territory o Proposed to ban all African American people from entering new territories  In the 1848 presidential election, the Free Soil Party ran Martin Van Buren (who was frustrated with the Democratic Party) as its presidential candidate o Knew he wouldn’t win but believed he could divide the Democrat vote o Van Buren gained 10% of the popular vote (all from the North) o Caused Democrat Lewis Cass to lose and Whig Zachary Taylor to win election o Van Buren essentially decided the outcome of this election Compromise of 1850 (397-398)  Consists of 5 separate bills (embodying three separate compromises) passed in September 1850 that deals with the pressing issue of slavery (couldn’t be ignored like Wilmot Proviso time) o California is admitted as a free state BUT the status of the remaining former possessions was left to be decided by popular sovereignty (a vote of the territory’s inhabitants) when they applied for statehood o Texas was required to cede land to New Mexico and in return, the federal government assumed $10 million of debts that Texas had incurred before it became a state o The slave trade (not slavery itself) was banned in D.C. o Fugitive Slave Law was enacted- dramatically increased the power of the slave owners to capture escaped slaves  Federal government supported slave owner rights to capture escaped slaves  Slaves were guaranteed a hearing before federal commission but weren’t allowed to testify on their own behalf  People could make double the money if they certified the return of the slave







Law also imposed penalties and fines on those that assisted or protected escaped slaves Three key players that represent three different areas of the country and all are at the end of their political careers: John C. Calhoun (South), Daniel Webster (Whig from NH), Henry Clay (Whig from Kentucky) o Henry Clay proposed the agenda that eventually became the Compromise of 1850 Significant for the tension it creates

Kansas-Nebraska Act (403)  Proposed by Stephen Douglas (Democrat from IL) in 1854 wanted transcontinental railroad to go from Chicago, IL to CA (rather than rival St. Louis) o Need to organize land west of Iowa and Missouri into territories o Douglas needs the support of the Southern Democrats who refuse to support unless these lands were open to slavery  Proposal to open those lands that had been the northern part of Native American territory to American settlers under the principle of popular sovereignty o Wants to turn this unorganized Native American territory into states so...