V4Official HSC Notes ATAR PDF

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Official HSC Notes – IPT Contents Introduction to Information Skills and Systems.................................................................................... 9 Information systems in context ...................................................................................................... 9 The environment............................................................................................................................. 9 The purpose .................................................................................................................................... 9 The information system .................................................................................................................. 9 Information processes .................................................................................................................... 9 Information technology .................................................................................................................. 9 Data ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Information ................................................................................................................................... 10 User ............................................................................................................................................... 10 Participant ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Information processes...................................................................................................................... 10 Collecting....................................................................................................................................... 10 Organising ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Analysing ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Storing and retrieving ...................................................................................................................10 Processing ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Transmitting and receiving ...........................................................................................................10 Displaying ...................................................................................................................................... 10 The nature of data and information ................................................................................................ 11 Data ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Data representation ...................................................................................................................... 11 Information ................................................................................................................................... 11 Reasons for digital data representation .......................................................................................... 12 The need for quality data, including: ............................................................................................ 12 Current data digitising trends, for example: ................................................................................. 12 Social and ethical issues ................................................................................................................... 12 Social and ethical issues arising from the processing of information, including: ......................... 12 Tools for Information Processes .......................................................................................................... 14 Collecting .......................................................................................................................................... 14 Hardware used for collection........................................................................................................ 14 Software used for collection ......................................................................................................... 14

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Non-computer procedures in collecting ....................................................................................... 14 Social and ethical issues in collecting ........................................................................................... 15 Organising ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Organising ..................................................................................................................................... 16 How different methods of organising affect processing, for example: ........................................ 16 The way in which the hardware used for collection organises data by digitising images, audio, video, numeric and text ................................................................................................................ 16 Software for Organising ................................................................................................................ 16 Non-computer tools for organising ..............................................................................................17 Social and ethical issues associated with organising, including: ..................................................17 Current trends in organising data, such as: .................................................................................. 17 Analysing .......................................................................................................................................... 18 Analysing ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Hardware requirements for analysing, including: ........................................................................ 18 Non-computer tools, for analysing, including:..............................................................................18 Searching manual filing systems ................................................................................................... 19 Social and ethical issues associated with analysis, including:....................................................... 19 Storing and retrieving ...................................................................................................................... 19 Storing and retrieving ...................................................................................................................19 Role of Storing and Retrieving ...................................................................................................... 19 Reasons to preserve data? ............................................................................................................ 19 Backup and Recovery .................................................................................................................... 19 Hardware for storing and retrieving ............................................................................................. 20 The characteristics of hardware, including: .................................................................................. 20 The trend to faster and greater storage capacity over time ........................................................ 20 Software for storing and retrieving............................................................................................... 20 Non-computer tools, including: .................................................................................................... 21 Social and ethical issues, including: .............................................................................................. 21 Transmitting and Receiving.............................................................................................................. 22 Transmitting and receiving ...........................................................................................................22 Hardware for transmitting and receiving ..................................................................................... 22 Software for transmitting and receiving ....................................................................................... 23 Non-computer tools for transmitting and receiving, such as mail, phone, fax and radio and television (transmit only) .............................................................................................................. 23 Social and ethical issues associated with transmitting and receiving ..........................................23 Processing ......................................................................................................................................... 24

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Processing ..................................................................................................................................... 24 Hardware in processing ................................................................................................................24 Software for processing text, numeric, image, video and audio data .......................................... 25 Non-computer tools and processing.............................................................................................25 Social and ethical issues associated with processing.................................................................... 26 Displaying ......................................................................................................................................... 26 Displaying ...................................................................................................................................... 26 Hardware for displaying ................................................................................................................ 26 Software for display ...................................................................................................................... 27 Interfaces for hardware display devices ....................................................................................... 27 Display features in applications packages, including: ................................................................... 27 Social and ethical issues associated with displaying ..................................................................... 28 Project Management............................................................................................................................ 29 Techniques for managing a project ................................................................................................. 29 Communication skills necessary for dealing with others: ............................................................29 Appreciate the advantages of groups that function as a team, including: ................................... 29 Project management tools, including: .......................................................................................... 30 Identifying social and ethical issues .............................................................................................. 31 Understanding the problem ................................................................................................................ 32 Approaches to identify problems with existing systems, including: ............................................32 1.

Interviewing/surveying users of the information system ..................................................... 32

2.

Interviewing/surveying participants ..................................................................................... 32

3.

Analysing the existing system by determining: ....................................................................32

Requirements reports ................................................................................................................... 32 Requirements prototype............................................................................................................... 32 Planning ............................................................................................................................................ 33 A feasibility study of proposed solutions, including: .................................................................... 33 Choosing the appropriate development approaches ................................................................... 33 The requirements report that:...................................................................................................... 34 Designing .......................................................................................................................................... 35 Clarifying with users the benefits of the new information system .............................................. 35 Designing the information system for ease of maintenance ........................................................ 35 Clarifying each of the relevant information processes within the system ................................... 35 Detailing the role of the participants, the data and the information technology used in the system ........................................................................................................................................... 35 Refining existing prototypes ......................................................................................................... 35

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Participant development, when people within the information system develop the solution ... 35 Tools used in designing, including: ...............................................................................................36 Implementing ................................................................................................................................... 39 Acquiring information technology and making it operational...................................................... 39 An implementation plan that details: ........................................................................................... 39 Participant training ....................................................................................................................... 39 The method for conversion...........................................................................................................39 How the system will be tested ...................................................................................................... 40 Conversion of data for the new system ........................................................................................ 40 The need for an operation manual detailing procedures participants follow when using the new system ........................................................................................................................................... 40 Testing, evaluating and maintaining ...............................................................................................41 Testing and evaluating the solution with test data such as .......................................................... 41 Checking to see that the original system requirements have been achieved .............................. 41 Trialling and using the operation manual ..................................................................................... 41 Reviewing the effect on users of the information system, participants and people within the environment.................................................................................................................................. 41 Modifying parts of the system where problems are identified .................................................... 41 Information Systems and Databases ................................................................................................... 43 Information systems ........................................................................................................................43 The characteristics of an information system, namely: ................................................................ 43 The different types of and purposes for information systems, including systems used to:.........43 Database information systems ......................................................................................................... 44 Organisation...................................................................................................................................... 47 Non-computer methods of organising including: ......................................................................... 47 Computer based methods of organising, including: ..................................................................... 47 The logical organisation of flat-file databases, including: ............................................................ 48 The logical organisation of relational databases, including: ......................................................... 49 Schemas as consisting of:.............................................................................................................. 49 Relationships ................................................................................................................................. 49 Tables as the implementation of entities consisting of: ............................................................... 49 Linking tables using primary and foreign keys .............................................................................. 49 User views for different purposes ................................................................................................49 Data modelling tools for organising databases, including: ........................................................... 50 Data dictionaries to describe the characteristics of data including:............................................. 50 Schematic diagrams that show the relationships between entities ............................................. 50

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Normalising data to reduce data redundancy .............................................................................. 50 The logical organisation of hypermedia, including: ...................................................................... 50 Tools for organising hypermedia, including:................................................................................. 51 Database management systems (DBMS) including: ..................................................................... 51 Direct and sequential access of data ............................................................................................ 52 On-line and off-line storage .......................................................................................................... 52 Centralised and distributed databases ......................................................................................... 52 Storage media including: ..............................................................................................................53 Encryption and decryption............................................................................................................ 53 Backup and security procedures ................................................................................................... 53 Tools for database storage and retrieval, including: .................................................................... 54 Extracting relevant information through searching and s...