Week 2, Lecture 1 PDF

Preview

Summary

Thorough lecture notes. I got a HD in this subject. ...

Description

The Discipline of Nursing

Week 2 12/3/19 Week 2, Lecture 1 and 2 What is nursing? | Ethics in Nursing

WHAT IS NURSING? According to the internet and media… WHAT IS NURSING? - Nursing is a science and an art - Nursing is caring - Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness and the care of the ill - Humanistic science.

WHAT IS A NURSE? - Strong but sof - Goes above and beyond - Someone trained to give care - A person prepared to care for the sick.

TYPES OF NURSING RN – Registered Nurse EN – Not endorsed EEN – endorsed, can give medications AIN/PCA – Assistant Nurse Practitioner – masters, able to prescribe some medications

CORE VALUES -

Compassion Empathy Understanding Caring Respectful Patience Confidentiality Honesty

NURSING (as an art) -

Is the art of caring sick and well individuals. It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in assisting sick and well individuals in their recovery and in the promotion and maintenance of health. It involves creative application of knowledge in the service of people.

NURSING (as a science) -

It is the “body of abstract knowledge” arrived through scientific research and logical analysis Is the science knowledge and skills in assisting individuals to achieve optimal health. It is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential problems.

The Discipline of Nursing

Week 2 12/3/19 Week 2, Lecture 1 and 2 What is nursing? | Ethics in Nursing

PROFESSIONALISM Professionalism refers to professional character, spirit or methods. It is a set of attributes; a way of life that implies responsibility and commitment (Bradshaw, 2012, p. 15).

Professionalisation refers to the process of becoming professional, of acquiring the characteristics considered to be a professional. What does it mean to be a professional nurse? - Educated - Appearance/presentation (uniform, cleanliness, groomed) - Under a regulating body: APHRA, ANC, INC (Code of Ethics), NMBA What is professional conduct? (What would a patient expect) - Kind and compassionate - Knowledgeable - Honesty - Education - Following requirements and legislations Professionalism in nursing was heavily influenced by Florence Nightingale. She set a high standard, that we are expected to follow today. Components of professionalism: - Attitude: have a good attitude, leave your personal life and problems at home. - Appearance: well-groomed appearance makes a statement that you can care for yourself and hence can capably care for others. - Willingness to help others: Nurses are the most trusted profession in Australia. A profession distinguished by: - Specialised education - Body of knowledge - Service orientation - Spirit of inquiry-research - A code of ethics and values - Autonomy - Professional organisations

The Discipline of Nursing

Week 2 12/3/19 Week 2, Lecture 1 and 2 What is nursing? | Ethics in Nursing

PROFESSIONAL NURSING BODIES IN AUSTRALIA

AHPRA: Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency NMBA: Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia ANMAC: Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation Council ACN: Australian College of Nursing ICN: International Council of Nurses CATSINaM: Congress of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nurses and Midwives ANMF: Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation

ETHICS IN NURSING?

The Discipline of Nursing

Week 2 12/3/19 Week 2, Lecture 1 and 2 What is nursing? | Ethics in Nursing

Terms Ethics and Morality A general term used for referring to various ways of understanding and examining moral life. More specifically, it involves thinking critically about engaging in the systematic examination of what constitutes right and wrong, good and bad behaviour. Bioethics Ethics in the realm of life. Used to focus on the rights and duties of clients and health care professionals, the rights and duties of research participants etc Nursing ethics The examination of all kinds of ethical and bioethical issues from the perspective of nursing theory and practice. Moral Principles General standards of conduct that make up an ethical system are known as moral principles. Moral rules Guide moral action, by specifying that some kind of conduct is prohibited or permitted, distinguished from moral principles by its nature and force. Rights Moral Rights: entail a claim about some special entitlement or interest which ought for moral reasons to be protects Human Rights: set of special interests that human beings are entitled to Client Rights: entail statements about particular moral interest that a person may have in health care context that require special protection. Moral Duties An action that a person is bound, for moral reasons to perform.

ETHICS Philosophical ideas of rights and wrong behaviour. Nurses have a duty to practice ethically and morally (duty is a legal term)

ETHICAL ISSUES -

Moral uncertainty/conflict – When the nurse is unsure about which moral principles to apply or even what the problem is. Moral distress – when the individual knows the right thing to do, but the organisational constraints keep them from doing it Moral outrage – an individual witnesses an immoral act but feels powerless to stop it Moral/ethical dilemma – A conflict between 2 or more ethical principles, no correct decision. Self-awareness – vital in ethical decision making

THEORY OF ETHICS “The examination of ethical issues which arise from nursing practice and related to their professional obligations” (Ulrich, 2012, p.xix) Nursing ethicists use 2 theoretical and practical approaches to doing ethics:

Week 2 12/3/19 Week 2, Lecture 1 and 2 What is nursing? | Ethics in Nursing

The Discipline of Nursing

1. Principle-based approach: based on common morality identified by the 4 main principles of autonomy, beneficence, maleficence and justice. 2. Care-based approach: favours emotional involvement in a moral or ethical dilemma to highlight the consequences of actions.

ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS 1. Utilitarian – most good, least harm Teleology - the value of a situation is determined by its consequences.

2. Deontology - the intrinsic significance of an act itself as the criterion for the determination of good.

3. Situational Theory - holds that there are no set rules or norms. Each situation must be considered individually.

4. Caring-Based Theory - focuses on emotions, feelings, and attitudes. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES Autonomy

Autos = self, Nomos = rule (Framework is rights based) -

Individual rights

-

Privacy

-

Freedom of choice

Pt has the right to make decisions for themselves, to know procedure, complications etc. even if you disagree you are required to support them in their decision. The best you can do is inform them of the consequences of their decision. UNLESS they are a danger to themselves or someone else.

Beneficence

Duty to do good. Kindness, goodness, charity.

Non-maleficence

Duty to do no harm rather to, prevent and remove harm. More binding than beneficence.

Justice

Seeks fairness.

Week 2 12/3/19 Week 2, Lecture 1 and 2 What is nursing? | Ethics in Nursing

The Discipline of Nursing

Veracity

The obligation to tell the truth and not lie or deceive others.

Fidelity

Duty to be faithful to one’s commitments, includes implicit and explicit promises.

Confidentiality

UNLESS they are going to do harm to themselves or others

MORALS

VALUES

Individual’s own code for acceptable behaviour, arise from conscience. Act as a guide for individual behaviour, generally based on religious beliefs.

Personal beliefs about the truth and worth of behaviours, thoughts ad objects. Personal values develop from cultural, ethnic, religious norms Professional values develop from established code of ethics, faculty and other nurses, clinical and life experience

Professional values Altruism Sense of unconditional concern for the welfare of others Autonomy To have the ability to function independently Human dignity It means having respect for human individuality and treating each individual as a unique human being Integrity Being morally accountable and responsible for one's judgment and actions is central to the nurse's role as a moral agent. Social justice Social justice ideology requires nursing students to uphold moral, legal, and humanistic principles related to health. ... Social justice implies that there is a fair and equitable distribution of benefits and burdens in a society. Beliefs: interpretations or conclusions that one accepts as true Self-reflection: nurses must explore their own values...