Westerncivchapter 13 - All books first page questions are answered PDF

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Chapter 13: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the sixteenth Century 7/22/18

1.

What were the chief ideas of the Christian humanities, and how did they defer from the ideas of the Protestants reformers?

Christian Humanists believed first and foremost in education as a means of helping people discover true devotion and aid in church reformation. Noteworthy humanist of the time Erasmus advocated for the translation of the bible into the common tongue to allow the general public to read the bible for themselves. He believed that true piety is personal and separate from the external shows of devotion like the veneration of relics and sacraments. Christian humanists wanted to reform starting from within the church at the people. But this moderate approach was quickly overwhelmed by the protestant reformation that was more aggressive in their criticisms of the church and in their combat of church corruption. (p.302,303,304)

2. What were Martin Luther's main disagreements with the Roman Catholic Church, and what political, economic, and social conditions help explain why the movement he began spread so quickly across Europe? Martin Luther, chief theologian in the conceiving and spread of Lutheranism, was most troubled by uncertainty of salvation in the catholic church. He sought to ensure salvation but always found himself plagued with doubts so in his studies of the bible found an answer he wanted. He proposed faith alone was necessary to achieve salvation and good works was a byproduct of being a pious Christian. Another problem with the church was the selling of indulgences that offered salvation without either faith or good works, just money. In Angered he wrote up his famous 95 theses as a response to the greed and corruption of the church. It was this corruption that made him take measures to split from the church and made Lutheranism so popular. (p.304-309)

3. What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, and Calvinism, and Catholicism? What impact did political, economic, and social conditions have on the development of these for reform movements? Zwinglianism was founded in the Swiss confederation. It did away with all relics and images and returned the church to a simple building with minimal artistry. They replaced the catholic mass with sermon readings and prayer with the lords' supper as just a symbolic practice, not a literal one. Anabaptism encouraged return to practice of the early church and a community church system where all was equal. Like with Zwinglianism, the Lords Supper was a symbolic practice in remembrance of Christ. Calvinism was like Lutheranism in many ways such as belief that you can achieve salvation through faith alone, but they also believed in predestination. Predestination was idea that God already decided

who will achieve salvation and it was this that gave Calvinists the unshakeable conviction that allowed them to become the active international form of Protestantism. (p.310,311,312,313)

4.

What impact did the protestant we formation have an societies in the sixteenth century?

With the protestant elimination of the idea of clerical celibacy and the holiness of celibacy altogether, the core family became even more important. The idea was that without monasticism and celibacy mutual love between man and wife could be highest focus, but it didn’t reflect the reality. Women remained subservient to men and were still expected to be just child bearers and servants to their husband. Women had less choice without any choice in becoming a nun since monasteries were obsolete in protestant society. Protestants also abolished selling of indulgences, veneration of relics, pilgrimage and monasticism. (p.315)

5.

What measures did the Roman Catholic Church take to reform itself and to come back Protestantism's in the sixteenth century?

The most important part of the Catholic counter-reformation was the founding of the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits. The Jesuits pledged loyalty to the pope and acted as soldiers of god in the fight against the rise of Protestantism. They founded catholic schools to start teaching them the catholic faith when they are young and increased missionary work. The Jesuits did missions that stretched as far as japan in the far east. Meanwhile, the pope reworked the framework of the church in effort to limit corruption when a report he had made blamed decline on this corruption within the church. He took a conservative approach that offered no attempt at compromise and reaffirmed to the people their stance on everything the protestants rejected. (p.317,318,319)

6. What role did politics, economic and social conditions, and that religion play in the European wars of the 16th century? Religious fervor incited war in France. The rise of Calvinists with the nobility and with shopkeepers facing economic hardship provoked the catholic state into conflict with the Huguenots. Towns and provinces that resented the authority of the crown were eager to join in with the Calvinists and the drawn out civil war ended with compromise. In Spain, where religious fervor is more of a tradition than a social development, the king tried to stamp out the rising number of Calvinists in the Netherlands only to lose the valuable economic territory as it broke away to become Dutch. They also tried to war with the more moderate England but failed since their strategy was dependent on a miracle. (p.320,31,322,323,324)

7. How did they perform movements take hold a, and how did the emergence of these reform movements affect the political and social realms where they were adopted? Critical Thinking Reform movements were very successful in England, France, and Spain. In every state there was conflict as the catholic majority rejected the very idea of Protestantism and fought to keep them out. Most cases ended in compromise such as in France where they could practice and hold office. In England where compromises were made so religious ceremony satisfied both groups. In Spain the protestants took

the territory of the Netherlands from Spain and made it their own. Overall, it continued to be a time of protestant rise despite the intense opposition from the Catholics. 8. What did I learn from this chapter that I did not know before? The break from the church and subsequent rise of Protestantism started with Martin Luther in his search for a definitive answer of whether he achieved salvation. He continued to challenge the church and it corruption with his 95 theses that was provoked by the church's selling of indulgences. This break from the church spurred other groups to do the same with varying degrees of success, but most important was the Calvinists. The founding of the Jesuits to combat the rise of Calvinism and reorganization of the church to limit corruption among its ranks reassured its place in society. The Catholic majority fought hard to keep the Protestants at bay but in many of the major states they were forced to make concessions and compromise.

Key terms

1. Christian (Northern Renaissance) Humanism (p.302)- Where an intellectual movement in Northern Europe in the late 15th and early 16th century the combined the interest in the classic of the Italian Renaissance with an interest in the sources of early Christianity, including the New Testament and writings of the church fathers. 2. pluralism (p.303)- The practice of holding several church offices simultaneously, a problem of the late medieval church. 3. Indulgence (p.304)- In Christian theology, the remission of part or all of the temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin, granted off for charitable contributions and other good deeds. Indulgences became a regular practice of the Catholic Church in the High middle ages, and their abuse was instrumental in sparking Luther's reform movement in the sixteenth century. 4. Justification (p.304)- The primary doctrine of the protestant reformation, teaching and humans are saved not through good works but by grace of God, bestowed freely through the sacrifice of Jesus. 5. transubstantiation (p.307)- The doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that during the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Christ. 6. predestination (p.313)- The belief, associated it with Calvinism, that God, as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has Predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be dammed. 7. Catholic Reformations (p.315)- The movement for the reform of the Catholic Church in the 16th century. It included a revived pop out C come other regeneration of old religious orders and the founding of me ones, most notably with Jesuits, and the reaffirmation of traditional Catholic doctrine at the Council of Trent. 8. Huguenots (p.320)- French Calvinist. 9. politiques (p.320)- The group who emerged during the French wars of religion in the 16th century, placed polit politics above religion, and believed that no Religious truth was worth the ravages of Civil War....