Why does uracil replace thymine in RNA PDF

Title Why does uracil replace thymine in RNA
Author Attilio Vittorio Vargiu
Course BIOPHYSICS
Institution Università degli Studi di Cagliari
Pages 1
File Size 30 KB
File Type PDF
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Summary

Spiegazione del perche' l'uracile rimpiazza la timina nell'RNA...


Description

Whydoe sur ac i lr e pl ac et hymi nei nRNA? Th er e a lq u e s t i o ni s :Wh yd oe st h y mi n er e p l a c eu r a c i li nDNA? Fi r s t ,s o mec l a r i fic a t i on .Asy oua l r e a d ykn o w,t hedi ffe r e n c ebe t we e nRNA ( r i bo n uc l e i c a c i d s )a n dDNA( d e o x y r i b on uc l e i ca c i ds )i st h ee xi s t e n c eo fah y dr o x y l( OH)gr o upont h e2 ' c a r bo no ft her i bo s es u g a ri nt heb a c k bo n e .Th er e mo v a lo f2 'h yd r o x y lg r ou p sf r o m DNA d o e sn o to c c ura f t e rt heDNA h a sbe e ns y n t h e s i z e d ,b u tr a t h e rt h e2 'h yd r o x y lgr ou p sa r e uc l e o t i d e r e mo v e df r o mt h en u c l e o t i d e sbe f o r et he ya r ei n c o r p o r a t e di nt ot h eDNA.Du r i n gn ,apo r t i ono ft h en u c l e o t i d emo no p ho s ph a t e s( NMP' s )a r ed e h y d r o x y l a t e dt o2' s yn t he s i s d e o x y n u c l e o t i demo n op h os ph a t e s( d NMP' s ) .Th i sme a n st ha tGMP ,AMP ,CMP ,a n dUMP a r ec on v e r t e di nt odGMP ,d AMP ,dCMP ,a ndd UMP ,r e s pe c t i v e l y .Ho we v e r ,be f o r eb e i n g i n c o r p or a t e di n t ot h ec hr o mos o me s ,a n o t he rmo d i fic a t i o n ,u s i n gf o l i ca c i da sac a t a l y s t , me t h y l a t e st he u r a c i li n dUMP t of o r m at h y mi ne ma ki n gi td TMP .Af t e rf u r t h e r p h os ph o r y l a t i o n,dGTP ,d ATP ,d CTP ,a n dd TTP c a nb eu s e da st heb u i l d i n gb l o c k st o c on s t r u c tDNA. Th ei mp or t a n tt h i n gt on o t i c ei st h a twhi l eu r a c i le x i s t sa sb o t hu r i d i ne( U)a n dd e o x y u r i d i ne ( dU) ,t h y mi neon l ye x i s t sa sd e o x y t h y mi d i ne( d T) .Sot h eq ue s t i o nb e c o me s :Wh ydoc e l l sg o t ot h et r ou b l eo fme t h y l a t i n gu r a c i lt ot h y mi n eb e f o r ei tc a nb eu s e di nDNA? Th ea n s we ri s :me t h y l a t i o np r o t e c t st h eDNA.Be s i deu s i n gd Ti ns t e a do fdU,mo s to r g a n i s ms a l s ou s ev a r i o use nz y me st omo d i f yDNA a f t e ri th a sb e e ns y nt h e s i z e d .Twos u c he nz y me s , d am a n dd c m me t h y l a t ea d e n i ne sa n dc yt o s i ne s ,r e s p e c t i v e l y ,a l on gt hee nt i r eDNA s t r a nd . Th i sme t h y l a t i onma k e st h eDNA u nr e c o g ni z a b l et oma n yNu c l e a s e s( e nz y me swh i c hb r e a k d o wnDNAa n dRNA) ,s ot h a ti tc a n n o tb ee a s i l ya t t a c k e db yi n v a d e r s ,l i k ev i r us e so rc e r t a i n b a c t e r i a .Ob v i ou s l y ,me t h y l a t i n gt hen uc l e o t i de sbe f or et he ya r ei nc or p o r a t e de n s u r e st h a tt he e n t i r es t r a n dofDNAi sp r o t e c t e d .Th y mi nea l s op r o t e c t st h eDNAi na n o t he rwa y .I fy o ul o o k a tt h ec o mp o ne nt so fn u c l e i ca c i d s ,p ho s ph a t e s ,s u g a r s ,a n db a s e s ,y o us e et h a tt h e ya r ea l l v e r yh yd r op h i l i c( wa t e rs o l u bl e ) .Ob v i ou s l y ,a d d i n gah y dr o ph o bi c( wa t e ri n s ol u b l e )me t h y l g r o u pt op a r to ft h eDNA i sg oi n gt oc h a n g et h ec ha r a c t e r i s t i c so ft h emo l e c u l e .Th ema j o r e ffe c ti st h a tt heme t h y lgr ou pwi l lb er e p e l l e db yt h er e s to ft h eDNA,mo v i n gi tt oafix e d p o s i t i o ni nt h ema j o rg r oo v eo ft hehe l i x .Th i ss o l v e sa ni mp or t a n tp r ob l e m wi t hur a c i lt h ou g hi tp r e f e r sa d e n i n e ,ur a c i lc a nba s e p a i rwi t ha l mos ta n yo t he rb a s e ,i nc l ud i n gi t s e l f , d e p e n d i n gonho wi ts i t ua t e si t s e l fi nt h eh e l i x .Byt a c ki n gi td o wnt oas i n g l ec on f o r ma t i on , t h eme t h y lgr ou pr e s t r i c t su r a c i l( t h y mi n e )t opa i r i n gon l ywi t ha d e n i n e .Th i sg r e a t l yi mp r o v e s t h ee ffic i e n c yofDNAr e p l i c a t i o n,b yr e d uc i n gt her a t eo fmi s ma t c h e s ,a n dt h u smu t a t i on s . Tos u m up :t h er e pl a c e me n to ft h y mi n ef o ru r a c i li nDNApr o t e c t st heDNAf r o ma t t a c ka n d ma i nt a i nst hefid e l i t yo fDNA r e p l i c a t i o n.( Fora no t he rt a k eo nDNA,c h e c ko u tt hi sa r t i c l e : I nh i b i t i ono fRi b o z y me sb yDe o x y r i b on u c l e o t i d e sa n dt h eOr i g i no fDNA. ) [ Mo de r a t o rNo t e :I na d d t i o n ,t hec y t o s i neb a s ec a ns p o nt a n e o u s l yd e a mi na t et of o r maur a c i l b a s e ,wh i c hwo u l dr e s u l ti nu nd e t e c t a b l eC>Umu t a t i o nsi fUwe r eu s e dr o u t i ne l yi nDNA. Si n c eTh y mi n ei sb a s i c a l l yme t h y l U,t h ec e l l ' sDNA r e p a i rme c h a n i s msc a nd i s t i n g u i s h i l l e gi t i ma t eUf r o ml e gi t i ma t eme t h y l Ui nDNA,a n dma k et hep r op e rr e p a i r( r e p l a c i n ga n yU wi t haC) .C>Umu t a t i on si nRNAdon o tma t t e ra smu c h ,b e c a u s eRNAi ss y n t h e s i z e di n l a r g eq u a n t i t i e sa ndi sr a p i dl yde g r a de di nc o mp a r i s ont oDNA.-St e v eMa c k ,Ma d Sc i Mo d e r a t or . ]...


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