William J. Dominik (ed.), Words & Ideas. Mundelein: Bolchazy-Carducci 2012 (reprint with corrections). ISBN-10: 0 86516-485-1; ISBN 13: 978-0-86516-485-7. Pp. xxvii + 281, including 81 illustrations. PDF

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WILLIAM]. DOMINIK, EDITOR Language Arts & Disciplines/Etymology WILLIAM]. DOMINIK1 EDITOR U nlike most etymology and word building books, this one presents words within their historical, social, literary, scientific, and cultural media. Instead of focusing mainly on general or only on scientific...

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WILLIAM]. DOMINIK, EDITOR

Language Arts & Disciplines/Etymology

WILLIAM]. DOMINIK1 EDITOR

U

nlike most etymology and word building books, this one presents words within their historical, social, literary, scientific, and cultural media. Instead of focusing mainly on general or only on scientific vocabulary1 Words & Ideas introduces wo!ds from a range of disciplines: something for everyone! No more tedious lists of word roots, suffixes, and prefixes in isolation-words~ come to life in the context of the ideas behind them. Clever cartoons illustrate word originsi exercises provide practice to solidify word building principles. Finally: meaningful, engaging etymology and vocabulary building! ~ Word building in the context of a wide variety of topics from classical

antiquity ~ Chapters on • word building • mythology • medicine • politics and law

• commerce and economics • philosophy and psychology • history ~ Exercises throughout ~ Illustrations of ancient artifacts ~ "Word for Word " cartoons dramatize word origins

William J. Dominik is the author and editor of several books and numerous other publications on Latin literature and other subjectsi he is also the founding editor of the journal Scholia. He has taught widely in Classics and the Humanities at a number of universities and is currently Professor of Classics at the University of Otago.

~ Bolchazy-Carducci

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~tt Publishers, Inc.

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William]. Dominik EDITOR

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Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers 1 Inc. Mundelein, Illinois USA

Editor: Laurie Haight Keenan Contributing Editors: Georgia Irby-Massie, M. Scott VanHorn Cover & Page Design: Cameron Marshall Typesetting & Production: Adam Phillip Velez Cover fllustration: A young Pompeian woman in a meditative pose, holding a stilus in her right hand and tabellae in her leftj from a Pompeian fresco in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. Words & Ideas © 2002 Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. Reprint with corrections 2006, 2008, and 2012. Reprint 2009. All rights reserved.

Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, luc. 1570 Baskin Road Mundelein, Illinois 60060 www.bolchazy.com Printed in the United States of America

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ISBN 978-0-86516-485-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Words & Ideas / edited by William]. Dominik. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-86516-485-l (pbk.) l. Language and languages--etymology. 2. English language--Etymology. 3. Civilization, Classical. I. Title: Words and Ideas. II. Dominik, William]. P32l .W67 2002 422--dc21 2002074479

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ILLUSTRATIONS ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .... . . . .. . .. . ...... xiv "WORD FOR WORD" STRIPS . . . . . . . . . ....... . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv PREFACE AND A NOTE TO THE 2012 REPRINT ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii GENERALACKNOWLEDGMENTS .... .. ... . .. . ... .. ..... . ....... xix ILLUSTRATION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .. ....... . xx A NOTE TO THE TEACHER .. . ... . .. ........ .. .. . ....... . .... . .. xxi INTRODUCTION ... . .. ... ... .. .. . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . xxiii CHAPTER! WORD-BUILDING BASICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (W J. Dominik, J. L. Hilton, and A. P. Bevis) How Words are Formed and Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Word Building in English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Influence of Greek and Latin upon English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Terminology ofWord Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S Structure ofWords. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Coining New Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 The Latinate Register of English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Changes in Words Across Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Changes in Meaning of Greek and Latin Words in English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Changes in Spelling of Greek and Latin Words in English . . .. . . ... ...... 10 Changes in the Forms ofWords .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. . .. . ... . ... .. 11 Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives ..... . .. ... .... . .... ... .. . . 11 Verbs . . . . . . . . .. . . ... .. .... .. . . .. . . . . . . . ... . ... . .. . . 12 Greek and Latin Plural Forms in English . . ... . ... .. .. ... ..... .. ... 13 Greek ....... . .. .. .. .. .... . .. . .... . . . . .. .. . .... . ... 13 Latin . ... . ... . .. . ..... . ... . ....... . ... ... . . .... . ... 14 Bibliography and Further Reading . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. ... . ... 15 Web Sites: Names and URLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .... .. .. .. 16 Exercises . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .... . . . .. 17 CHAPTER2 WORD-BUILDING TOOLS: GREEK COMPONENTS .. ..... .. .... ....... 19 (W. J. Dominik, J. L . Hilton, and A. P. Bevis) The Greek Alphabet ... . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .... 19 Greek Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... 19 Nouns . . .... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

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Combining Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Greek Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Greek Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Noun-forming Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 General Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Abstract Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Agent Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Adjective-forming Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Verb-forming Suffix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Bibliography and Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Web Sites: Names and URLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 CHAPTER3 WORD-BUILDING TOOLS: LATIN COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 (W. J. Dominik, J. L. Hilton, and A. P. Bevis) The Latin Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Latin Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Latin Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Latin Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Noun-forming Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 General Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Abstract Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Agent Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Locative Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Diminutive Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Adjective-forming Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Verb-forming Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Latin Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Quotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Bibliography and Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Web Sites: Names and URLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·.66 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 CHAPTER4 MYTHOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 (ed. W. J. Dominik) What Is Mythology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Beginnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

CONTENTS

vii

The Creation of the World ... . . . ... .. ....... .... ... .. . .. . . ... 7S Generations of the Gods ... . ..... ....... .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. ... .. 7S Word Study ...... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...... 76 Gods and Goddesses .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Word Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 The Underworld . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 WordStudy ....... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . 82 Divine Punishments ... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ... . .... 83 Sisyphus ....... ....... . ... .... . .... . . . .. . .... . ... . . 83 Tantalus . ..... . . . . .... .... .. .. .. .. ....... ..... .... . 83 Persephone and Demeter . ...... .. ..... .. ... ..... . . ...... .. 84 Heroes ....... . ... . ...... ... ....... . .. ...... ..... . . . . . . . . . 8S Heracles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8S The Twelve Labors ofHeracles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... ..... 8S WordStudy ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . ....... 88 Theseus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Word Study . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ...... ..... . . . . . . . . . 89 The Trojan War ..... ... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 90 WordStudy .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... .. ...... 90 Greek Heroes of the War .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 91 Word Study ... . .... . .. .. ... .. .... ..... . . .. ....... ... 91 Trojan Heroes of the War .... ... . ... ... .. ... . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Word Study .. . ... . ..... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . .. ... 92 The Wanderings of Odysseus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Word Study ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . .. . . . . . . . . 9S Oedipus and His Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9S Oedipus . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . ....... 9S Eteocles and Polynices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . 98 Antigone and Ismene ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. .. . . . . . . . . 98 Bibliography and Further Reading .. . . .... .... . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Web Sites: Names and URLs .. . . . . ..... ... ...... .. .. . . ... . ... ... 99 Exercises ... . ...... . ...... . ... . .. .. ..... . . ... .. ... .. ..... 101 CHAPTERS MEDICINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lOS (W. J. Dominik) GreekMedicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lOS Beginnings . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lOS Hippocrates and Rational Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . .... ...... .I OS Word Study . .... . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 107 Medical Treatment .. . .. . . .. .... . ...... ... ... . . . . .. ...... . 107 Drugs .. .. .. .... ..... . .. . . . ... . ... .. .. . .... .. . ... . 107 Surgery ....... .. .... . . . ..... .. . .... .. . .. ..... ... .. 107 Word Study .. . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... .... .. 108 The Theory of Humors . . .... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . 108 Medical Ethics and Etiquette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

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Word Study . . ... . . .. ..... .... . .. ... . . ... . . . .... . . . . 111 Anatomy and Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Word Study ... . .. . . . .. . ...... . . ..... . . . .... . . . . . . . . 111 Gynecology ..... .. .. . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .... . . . . . . . . 111 Word Study .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . . ...... 112 Roman Medicine . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 112 Beginnings . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... ... . .. ...... 112 Word Study ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . ..... . .. .... 113 The Training of Doctors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . ..... 113 Doctors . .. .. .... .. . .. . .. ... .. .. .. .... .. .... ... . . .. . . . 114 Independent and Public Doctors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . 114 Galen . ... .... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... . ... . . ...... . . 114 Female Doctors . .. .... . . ... . ..... . . . . . . . . . ... . .. ..... 115 Military Doctors .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . 116 Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 116 Medical and Surgicallnstruments . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . 116 WordStudy .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . 117 Gynecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .... . . . . . . . . 118 Soranus and Gynecology .... . . .... . .... . .. . . ..... . .. .. . .... 118 Childbirth . ..... . . .. . . .... . ... ... .... .... . ... . ... .. 119 Contraception ... . . . . . . . . ... . ... ... ... . .. . ..... . .. . . . 120 Abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Exposure . . .. . . . . . . . . . .... . ..... . ..... .... . . .. .. .. . 120 Word Study .. ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . .. . . .. ...... 121 Hysteria ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . 121 Word Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . 122 Ophthalmology ..... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Word Study ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 122 Medical Treatments ... . .... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. . ... 123 Folk Treatments ... . .. . . .. .... . .. ... ..... . .... . ...... 123 Divine Healing .. . . ... . .... .. . . . . . . . ..... .. . .. . .... .. 124 Preventive Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Medical Humor .. ... .. . .. . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 125 Medical Terminology . . ... . ... . ... . . . . . . . . .. . ... ... . ... . ..... 127 Importance of Medical Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .... . . ...... 128 Role ofGreekandLatin ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Concision and Simplicity of Medical Terms . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 128 Precision and Extension of Medical Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Formation of Medical Terms ..... . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .....·129 Key Words Derived from Greek.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... . . ..... .. 129 Suffixes and Combining Forms ... . ... ... . .. . . . . .... . . . ... . .. . 129 Bases . .. .. . .. ..... ... ...... . .. . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. ... . . . . 132 Key Words Derived from Latin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 138 Bibliography and Further Reading . . ... ...... . . . . . ... . ..... . ...... 140 Web Sites: Names and URLs . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

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CHAPTER6 POLITICS AND LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 (J. L. Hilton and S.M. Masters) The Greek Polis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Latin Words for "City" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...... 147 Word Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Monarchy and Related Forms ....... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Democracy .. .... ... . ... . . ... .. . . . ... .. .. .. .. . . . . . ... .. ... 149 Word Study ....... ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . ... . . .. .. .. 151 The Roman Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Magistracies .... . . . . . . . . . ... .... ·.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... 152 The Roman Class Structure .... ..... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 The Roman Senate . . .. ...... ..... . ... ...... . . ... .. . ...... 154 The Roman Assemblies . ... ....... . .. ... . ..... ..... ..... .. . 154 The Roman Empire .. .. ...... ...... ..... . . .. ....... .... ..... 154 Word Study ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...... 155 Roman Law ....... . ....... .. . ... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 The Influence of Roman Law upon American Law .. . .. ...... .. ..... 157 The Influence of Roman Law upon South African Law. .. ... .... . ..... 158 Roman Maxims and Legal Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Roman Legal Concepts ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... ...... 158 Roman Institutions ..... ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 RomanActions . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. ... . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Latin Derivatives in Legal Vocabulary . .... .. ..... . . . . . . . . . ..... ... 159 Public Law (Criminal) . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 160 Private Law (Persons) ....... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ..... 161 Property and Wills .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Commercial Law (Contracts) .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . ... 162 Other Legal Words . ....... .. ....... ... . . .. ... . . .. . . ... . .. 162 Latin Legal Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....