Women and Sport- 1860-1945 PDF

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Dr. Vicky Martin...

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Chapter 6: Pla Playing ying Nice: W Woman oman and Sports (1860-1945) 1. Early Years of Women’s Sports

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a. Doctors- wanted to improve health and fitness for women therefore colleges for woman (1800’s) b. Competitive Sports—ruled out as inappropriate for woman c. Woman were allowed to participate and graceful sports such as: ice skating, gymnastics, and swimming Woman and Exercise a. Catherine Beecher:1820’s i. Catharine Esther Beecher 19th century teacher and writer ii. Promoted equal access to education for woman and advocated iii. Promoted “light” exercise for woman iv. 26 lessons in physiology, 2 in calisthenics b. Mary Lyons: 1837 (Holyoke College) i. 3 kinds of exercise 1. Domestic Duties 2. Walk a mile a day 3. Calisthenics c. “True womanhood” i. Piety, Purity, Domesticity, and submissions Athletic Girl a. Middle-upper class women b. Right to enjoy sport c. Elite sports for females reinforced the difference between genders i. Socially acceptable sport ii. Tennis, Golf (1900 Olympics) Resistance and Change a. Adolphus Egerton Ryerson, Methodist, minister, educator b. A leading figure in 19th century Ontario education and politics c. Introduced standardized textbooks d. Taught Christian morals to improve individual and society e. Interested in education of females and males The Bicycle & Indian Club a. The split Skirt—Bloomers b. Public Exercise c. Public Relationships d. Exercise—Critics Olympics: 1920-1932 a. 1920 Olympics i. 64 women, 2,500 men

ii. Helen Wills Moody 1. 1920-30’s Tennis iii. Glenna Collete Vare 1. 1920-30’s Golf b. 1936 Berlin Games i. 328 Woman, 4,000 men ii. Mildred Didrikson Zaharias 1. 1932: Track and Field, Gold, and Tennis 2. Greatest Female Athlete of the First half century 7. Helen Wills Moody a. “Little Miss Poker Face” b. World Champion tennis Plater – 1920’s & 30’s c. Won 31 Grand Slam titles and 2 Olympic Medals 8. Mildred Babe Didrikson a. One of the Greatest athletes of all time b. 1932 Olympics, she won medals in the hurdles, javelin throw and high jump c. 1940’s- greatest women golfer of all time d. Defied norms, unmarried, self-supporting, earning big money, she rejected normal dependent status expected for woman 9. Women Play Hardball: The Peaches and the Chicks a. The league was conceived by Phillip k. Wrigley, owner of the Chicago Cubs, during WWII b. Maintain baseball in the Public eye in the Midwest at a time when many of baseball’s male player were in the military service c. The league was founded with 4 teams in 1943 d. After the 1944 season, the league was sold to Arthur Meyerhoff, a Chicago advertising executive e. Hitting was sparse in the early years until rule changes equalized f. Had to wear short skirts, lipstick, long hair, and could not wear slacks or trousers at any time g. Players were sent to charm school so they could represent the league properly 10. Harmful for the Female Body a. Certain physical activities were deemed unladylike i. Girls were encouraged to be aware of their bodies for health and appearance ii. 1950’s female athletes participated in “play day” or “sport day” 1. Several Colleges gathered and women could participate iii. 1970’s experts bean to affirm the positive values of sport participation for females...