12 Goal directed Behaviour PDF

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Summary

Learning and memory IIGoal directed action Ak Operant (or type -2) conditioning Pavlobian instrumental interactions Violation of basic assumptions of associative learning Functions of Learning and Memory: Allow for adaptive behaviour within individual lifetime. Non-Associative Learning. Learning tha...

Description

Learning and memory II Goal directed action Ak -

Operant (or type -2) conditioning

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Pavlobian instrumental interactions

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Violation of basic assumptions of associative learning

Functions of Learning and Memory: -

Allow for adaptive behaviour within individual lifetime.

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Non-Associative Learning.

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Associative Learning.

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Learning that stimuli exist in the world.

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Learning associations between stimuli / events.

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Learning association between actions and stimuli / events.

Thorndike’s Puzzle Box: Edward Thorndike (1874 - 1949)

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Lever to open the door.

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Used with cats.

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Cats would move around until they accidentally hit the lever and the door opened.

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The cats learned how to get out of the box.

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As the number of trials increased, the time taken for the cat to get out decreased.

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Operant Conditioning.

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Law of Effect

Thorndike’s Laws of Learning: -

Behaviour that leads to a positive outcome is more likely to occur in the future.

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Law of Exercise

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Law of Readiness

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Connections between responses and outcomes are strengthened by repetition.

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Learning is motivated by an internal state.

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Ex of internal state = hunger. -

If ur hungry and level gives food, u learn about the level faaster

Instrumental / Operant Conditioning: Frederick skinner 1904 - 1990 Skinner/ operant chamber; -

Stimulus light

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Food hopper

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Level that gives them food.

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Learning adaptive behaviour. -

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Through experience of success, failure. (Trial and Error)

Organism operates on the environment. -

Behaviour changes the environment.

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(it explores the environment and learns (diff from pavlovs dogs cause they were given treats w/ bell where they didnt learn about environment)

Behaviour is instrumental or Goal-Directed. -

Obtains desired effect and is goal-directed.

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Reward or avoid negative consequence -

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Pavlovian conditions= stimuli associated w stimulus or stimuli and outcomes (S-S or S-O)

Associations between response and outcome (R-O Learning) -

Response outcome = R-O

Skinner’s Operant Behaviourism: Behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences

Reinforcer Stimulus / event that increases the likelihood of the preceding behaviour to occur. -

Positive Reinforcer -

Stimulus (usually positive) produced by the behaviour that increases the likelihood of the preceding behaviour to occur.

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Negative Reinforcer -

Stimulus (usually negative) eliminated by the behaviour that increases the likelihood of the preceding behaviour to occur.

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Punishment -

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Negative stimulus / event that decreases the likelihood of the preceding behaviour to occur.

Omission -

Elimination of positive reinforcer decreases the likelihood of preceding behaviour

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If pigeon is getting a bit of food and pressing the lever stops getting the food, it will stop pressing the level

Schedules of Reinforcement: A schedule of how they will reinforce a behavior (peck at lever = food every other time vs every time) Continuous Reinforcement -

Each behavioural response is reinforced.

Partial Reinforcement -

Behaviour is reinforced only part of the time.

Ratio Schedules -

Reinforcement given after every nth response. -

Fixed = response requirement always constant.

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Variable = response requirement varies around average.

Interval Schedules -

Reinforcement given after a certain amount of time.

(responds at least once in __ seconds = reinforcements) -

Fixed = reward intervals constant. (the animal has to press it 10 times to get reward)

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Variable = reward interval varies around mean time. (on average it has to respond a certain number of times (sometimes 5, sometimes 7 sometimes 3 but average of 5)

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Persistence reinforcement -

Once in a while = people keep trying even if they’re losing (ex: gambling)

Operant Conditioning: Learning association between behaviour and consequences. -

Learning based on positive or negative consequences.

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Behaviours shaped by schedules of reinforcement.

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Ubiquitous -

See it in many species

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Thorndike and Skinner: all learning is instrumental / operant?

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Behaviourist Revolution -

Anti-mentalism

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You can understand most behaviors by understanding the actions and the behaviors based on the outcome (which have been reinforced)

Behavior = reinforced. Freedom and dignity stand in the way of understanding work.

Token-economies or Contingency Management: 2006 stizer M perry Annu rev. - Widely used in substance abuse treatment to reduce relapse. - People are being positively reinforced for not relapsing

Associative Learning: -

Respondent (Pavlovian) Conditioning: -

Learning associations between stimuli in the environment.

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Reinforcement not contingent on response.

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Behaviour is elicited (respondent)

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Involuntary behaviours (reflexes?)

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Operant (Skinnerian) Conditioning: -

Learning associations between actions and stimuli/outcomes.

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Reinforcement contingent on response.

Behaviour is emitted (operant) -

Voluntary (spontaneous)

Dual-Process Approach: both pavlovian and skinnerian Example: Avoidance Learning:

-> Shuttle box

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Rat placed in a chamber with 2 compartments w/ a door.

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One chamber has obnoxious stimulus => mild food shocks

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Tone that precedes the eclectic shock.

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The animal will run to the other side => negative reinforcements bc avoids that part The minute the tone is played, the animal runs to the other side.

Barrier for escape or avoidance. -

Escape following US.

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Avoidance following CS -

Classical Conditioning -

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Tone leads to shock.

Operant Conditioning -

Escape / Avoidance leads to safety.

Principles of Associative Learning: -

Learning through reinforcement.

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Association by contiguity.

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Co-occurrence in space and time.

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The reinforcement should be in the same area and around the same time

Arbitrariness. -

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Any stimulus, any response.

Empty Organism. -

Organism is black box – collection of associations.

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You are the sum of our experiences

Passive Organism. -

Learning happens TO the organism. (pavlovian)

Summary table Respondent (pavlovian) conditioning -

Learning associations between stimuli in the environment (S-S learning)

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Reinforcement not possibly likely to happen based on response -

Operant (skinnerian) conditioning -

Not dependent on the animal doing a behavior

Learning associations between actions and stimuli/outcomes (A-O learning) Reinforcement possibly likely to happen based on response -

Dependent on the animal doing a behavior

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Behavior being elicited (respondent behavior)

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Behavior is emitted (operant behavior)

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Involuntary behaviors (reflexes)

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Voluntary (spontaneous)...